Bulk Modification of Sonogel–Carbon with Polyaniline: A Suitable Redox Mediator for Chlorophenols Detection

Abstract

In this work, the development and characterization of a new ceramic material modified with polyaniline powder obtained by a high-power ultrasound sol-gel route is presented. A preliminary screening of the conducting polymer electroactivity was performed by means of cyclic voltammetry in free analyte solution. Remarkable figures of merit for 4-chloro-3-methylphenol (PCMC) determination, selected as the model organic analyte, was obtained with the developed material: the sensitivity and the limit of detection were 2.40 μA/μM·cm2 and 0.69 μM, respectively. The developed device was also successfully applied in the electrochemical determination of PCMC in water samples collected from different sources, obtaining recovery values ranging from 92% to 105%. The electrochemical performance of the device for the detection of other chlorophenols of interest was better in comparison with the bare electrode in all cases, due to the presence of the bulk modifier in the material. Therefore, the electrode material can be promoted for electrochemical assays of different chlorophenols in buffer and real water media for environmental monitoring.

Incorporation of Bismuth(III) Oxide Nanoparticles into Carbon Ceramic Composite: Electrode Material with Improved Electroanalytical Performance in 4-Chloro-3-Methylphenol Determination

“…Overall, th CCE demonstrates superior electroanalytical performance in terms of both LDR and The validation parameters acquired for the Bi-CCE were contrasted with data for various carbon-based electrodes utilized in PCMC determination (Table 2). Overall, the Bi-CCE demonstrates superior electroanalytical performance in terms of both LDR and LOD values compared to most other carbon-based electrodes [24,34,[36][37][38]. Remarkably, slightly better, however, still comparable results were achieved using the anodically pretreated boron-doped diamond electrode with a B/C ratio of 2000 ppm [35].…”

“…Due to the wide use of PCMC, it is necessary to monitor its content in the aquatic environment to prevent its destructive effects on both human and aquatic lives. In the literature, only a few reports on electroanalytical procedures for PCMC determination using carbon-based electrodes can be found [24,[34][35][36][37][38]. One of these reports is from our previous study, in which a voltammetric procedure for PCMC determination involving CCE modified with carbon nanotubes was detailed [24].…”

Nanomaterials-Based Electrochemical Δ9-THC and CBD Sensors for Chronic Pain

“…This issue was due to the fact that the nanocomposite’s electrical conductivity and electrocatalytic effect were not high enough. To address this issue, it is possible to dope with conductive polymers, such as polyaniline (PANI), and coat it with nanomaterials, such as gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) [ 32 ], which may lead to a lower LOD.…”