Bulk Parameterization of Air-Sea Exchanges of Heat and Water Vapor Including the Molecular Constraints at the Interface

Liu, W. Timothy; Katsaros, Kristina B.; Businger, J. A.

doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1979)036<1722:bpoase>2.0.co;2

Cited by 940 publications

(563 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

543

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…135 < R. < 2.5, the surface is in transition. Brutsaert (1975a) and Liu et al (1979) based models of the turbulent transfer over aerody-° namically rough surfaces on a surface-renewal model (Danckwerts 1970, p. 100). Small eddies continually sweep into the interfacial sublayer, remain in contact with the surface for a *.…”

Section: Aerodynamically Rough Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The form of the CH and CE functions in Figure 9 is different from that predicted by Kondo (1975) and by Liu et al (1979) for CH and CE over the ocean. According to Figure 9, CH and CE are monotonically decreasing functions of wind speed, except at very low speeds over smooth surfaces where they are constant.…”

Section: CDmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Liu et al (1979) estimated G 9.3 on the basis of NMl data reported by Mangarella et al (1973) for flow over wind waves. Since snow or sea ice % surfaces are less compliant than water, this value of G may not be appropriate.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since snow or sea ice % surfaces are less compliant than water, this value of G may not be appropriate. In fact, inJevaluating G, Liu et al (1979) also considered data reported by Chamberlain (1968) that imply G = 5.6 for flows over various solid surfaces. My model, with this G value, fits data collected over various solid surfaces much better than with G = 9.3.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Brutsaert (1975a) never computed the interfacial sublayer profile; instead he solved for ZT by matching the interfacial and inertial sublayer fluxes at the arbitrary level h = 7 .39z0. Although they do not say explicitly, Liu et al (1979) used the method of solution that I am proposing. They, however, set G = 9.3 and aH = E= 1.14, while I use G = 5.6 and alH = QE = 1.0..…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

A theory for the scalar roughness and the scalar transfer coefficients over snow and sea ice

Andreas

1987

Boundary-Layer Meteorol

364

375

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Aerodynamically Rough Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: CDmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

A theory for the scalar roughness and the scalar transfer coefficients over snow and sea ice

Andreas

1987

Boundary-Layer Meteorol

364

375

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Estimation of Surface Insolation

Pinker

2005

Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The incoming solar radiation from the sun (insolation) that reaches the Earth's surface (about 50% of that emitted from the sun) determines the exchange of energy between the land and the atmosphere and consequently, controls climate and climate change. Environmental satellites are considered useful tools for providing information on surface radiative fluxes at various temporal and spatial scales, improving estimation of terrestrial water and energy storage. For several years now, observations from satellites have been used to obtain information on the various components of atmospheric and surface radiative fluxes, initially, retrospectively, and more recently, operationally. In this paper, discussed are the needs for information on radiative fluxes in hydrological applications, methodologies for obtaining such information by methods of remote sensing, accuracy of such estimates, and current status of data availability. Examples of applications in hydrological studies and climate research are provided, and links to international activities and future prospects are indicated.

show abstract

Observations of the Global Water Cycle – Satellites

Robertson

2005

Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Satellite observations of Earth's climate system have evolved dramatically since the first crude video images of cloud cover taken over 40 years ago. Today, spaceborne measurements of precipitation, cloud attributes, radiative fluxes, and surface properties make crucial contributions to monitoring key processes and the evolving state of the planet's hydrologic cycle. We illustrate how this maturing capability has enabled study of the hydrologic cycle in a global context that goes beyond consideration of local or regional water balance. Remote sensing has become a key technology for addressing such interdisciplinary questions as whether the global hydrologic cycle is changing and if so how? What key processes linking the atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere are at play, and what are the prospects for predicting extreme hydrologic events of significant societal impact? The discussion is motivated first by considering these key science problems. Following a brief overview of key remote sensing concepts, we then survey existing capabilities to determine various quantities such as precipitation, evaporation, soil moisture, turbulent fluxes, cloud cover, water vapor, and the links to radiative fluxes. Both successes and persisting challenges are discussed. An assessment of where we stand in developing an integrated picture of the hydrologic cycle and climate is presented, along with anticipated improvements in the future measurements. In the context of climate, we demonstrate that in spite of substantial improvements in determining hydrologic variables and processes from space, some key challenges remain. Our examination here of signals in precipitation, evaporation, and radiative fluxes suggests that at present we can detect regional patterns of interannual variability with considerable skill; we can resolve globally integrated signals with only modest certainty; and for the most part, we have little confidence yet in decadal changes or trends. Nevertheless, the situation is encouraging because in many cases these retrievals have been done without regard to intercalibration of sensor data streams, and in the case of operational retrievals, algorithm modifications which result in spurious trends. Careful reprocessing is likely to yield substantial benefits. Future planned missions with active remote sensing at 94 GHz (CloudSat) and interferometric measurements at 1.4 GHz promise to expand our knowledge of hydrologic processes of crucial importance to climate.

show abstract

Bulk Parameterization of Air-Sea Exchanges of Heat and Water Vapor Including the Molecular Constraints at the Interface

Cited by 940 publications

References 0 publications

A theory for the scalar roughness and the scalar transfer coefficients over snow and sea ice

A theory for the scalar roughness and the scalar transfer coefficients over snow and sea ice

Estimation of Surface Insolation

Observations of the Global Water Cycle – Satellites

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About