Bulk Parameterization of Air–Sea Fluxes: Updates and Verification for the COARE Algorithm

Fairall, C. W.; Bradley, E. F.; Hare, J. E.; Grachev, A. A.; Edson, James B.

doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0571:bpoasf>2.0.co;2

Cited by 2,129 publications

(2,219 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Due to the bidirectional nature of the z 0 and u * relation, we also tested an iterative solution (iWLP) where Equation (15) was used as a first guess for the z 0 and Equation (14) for its subsequent u * . A second iteration re-estimated z 0 from the COARE 3.0 [69] adaptation of the Taylor and Yelland [68] formulation, whereby a term for smooth flow was added (Equation (16)), and u * was estimated back again from Equation (14). Applying four iterations were enough for an excellent convergence of the full data array.…”

Section: Transfer Velocitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At surface height z ≈ 0 m, the wind velocity must be set to the theoretical u 0 = 0, temperature given by the SST [34,39,69] with rectification for cool-skin and warm-layer effects [34][35][36][37][38], and humidity set to the saturation level at P 0 and T 0 using q = r sat /(1 + r sat ) [69].The Ri b was used to estimate the length L from the Monin-Obukhov's similarity theory, a discontinuous exponential function tending to ±∞ when Ri b tends to ±0 and tending to ±0 when Ri b tends to ±∞. Ri b and L were used to estimate ψ m following Stull [67] or Lee [75] algorithms.…”

Section: Transfer Velocitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The FuGas 2.3 Framework for Atmosphere–Ocean Coupling: Comparing Algorithms for the Estimation of Solubilities and Gas Fluxes

et al. 2018

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Accurate estimates of the atmosphere-ocean fluxes of greenhouse gases and dimethyl sulphide (DMS) have great importance in climate change models. A significant part of these fluxes occur at the coastal ocean which, although much smaller than the open ocean, have more heterogeneous conditions. Hence, Earth System Modelling (ESM) requires representing the oceans at finer resolutions which, in turn, requires better descriptions of the chemical, physical and biological processes. The standard formulations for the solubilities and gas transfer velocities across air-water surfaces are 36 and 24 years old, and new alternatives have emerged. We have developed a framework combining the related geophysical processes and choosing from alternative formulations with different degrees of complexity. The framework was tested with fine resolution data from the European coastal ocean. Although the benchmark and alternative solubility formulations generally agreed well, their minor divergences yielded differences of up to 5.8% for CH 4 dissolved at the ocean surface. The transfer velocities differ strongly (often more than 100%), a consequence of the benchmark empirical wind-based formulation disregarding significant factors that were included in the alternatives. We conclude that ESM requires more comprehensive simulations of atmosphere-ocean interactions, and that further calibration and validation is needed for the formulations to be able to reproduce it. We propose this framework as a basis to update with formulations for processes specific to the air-water boundary, such as the presence of surfactants, rain, the hydration reaction or biological activity.

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Section: Transfer Velocitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Transfer Velocitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The FuGas 2.3 Framework for Atmosphere–Ocean Coupling: Comparing Algorithms for the Estimation of Solubilities and Gas Fluxes

et al. 2018

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“…To analyse both the cool skin and the warm layer effects for the case of the reservoir of Bimont, we used the model proposed by Fairall et al (1996a), and 5 implemented in the COARE bulk flux algorithm (Fairall et al, 1996b), that depends on the surface heat (shortwave irradiance, longwave irradiance, latent and sensible heat exchange) and moment fluxes (wind shear). We implemented the model in R based on the code of the COARE bulk flux algorithm version 3.0 (Fairall et al, 2003). We validated the implementation of the algorithm using four days of Moana Wave COARE test data (Figure 2).…”

Section: Application Of the Coare Algorithm Adapted To The Freshwatermentioning

confidence: 99%

LakeSST: Lake Skin Surface Temperatures in French inland water bodies for 1999–2016 from Landsat archives

Prats¹,

Reynaud²,

Rebière³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Abstract. The spatial and temporal coverage of the Landsat satellite imagery make it an ideal resource for studies on the long term evolution of lake surface temperature and for geographical studies of temperature patterns. The Lake Skin Surface 10 Temperature (LakeSST) data set contains skin surface temperature data for 442 French water bodies (natural lakes, reservoirs, ponds, gravel pit lakes and quarry lakes) for the period 1999-2016 obtained from the thermal band of Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 archive images. The skin temperature measured by satellites differs slightly from water temperature in the first meters of the water column because of cool skin and warm layer effects. Nevertheless surface temperature parameterizations originally developed for the sea can be used to adjust LakeSST to commonly used lake water temperature, e.g. surface 15 temperature or temperature of the first 1~2 m. Moreover, theoretically small differences are to be expected between the freshwater and seawater case for low wind speeds. In fact, at the reservoir of Bimont, the estimated cool skin effect was about -0.3 ºC and -0.6 ºC most of time, while the warm layer effect at 0.55 m was negligible in average, but could occasionally attain several degrees and a cool layer was often observed in the night. The overall accuracy of the satellitederived temperature measurements was about 1.5 ºC, similar to other applications of satellite images to estimate freshwater

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“…The preoperational POLCOMS calculates momentum and surface heat fluxes using bulk formulae following the COARE v3 algorithm (Fairall et al, 2003). For the momentum fluxes in this (IRS and LB) application the wind stress is instead calculated using the Charnock The setup used in this application has previously been found to be accurate when modelling shelf seas (e.g.…”

Section: Model Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of operational model nesting approaches and inherent errors for coastal simulations

et al. 2016

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A region of freshwater influence (ROFI) under hypertidal conditions is used to demonstrate inherent problems for nested operational modelling systems. Such problems can impact the accurate simulation of freshwater export within shelf seas, so must be considered in coastal ocean modelling studies. In Liverpool Bay (our UK study site), freshwater inflow from 3 large estuaries forms a coastal front that moves in response to tides and winds. The cyclic occurrence of stratification and remixing is important for the biogeochemical cycles, as nutrient and pollutant loaded freshwater is introduced into the coastal system. Validation methods, using coastal observations from fixed moorings and cruise transects, are used to assess the simulation of the ROFI, through improved spatial structure and temporal variability of the front, as guidance for best practise model setup. A structured modelling system using a 180 m grid nested within a 1.8 km grid demonstrates how compensation for error at the coarser resolution can have an adverse impact on the nested, high resolution application. Using 2008, a year of typical calm and stormy periods with variable river influence, the sensitivities of the ROFI dynamics to initial and boundary conditions are investigated. It is shown that accurate representation of the initial water column structure is important at the regional scale and that the boundary conditions are most important at the coastal scale. Although increased grid resolution captures the frontal structure, the accuracy in frontal position is determined by the offshore boundary conditions and therefore the accuracy of the coarser regional model.

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Bulk Parameterization of Air–Sea Fluxes: Updates and Verification for the COARE Algorithm

Cited by 2,129 publications

References 58 publications

The FuGas 2.3 Framework for Atmosphere–Ocean Coupling: Comparing Algorithms for the Estimation of Solubilities and Gas Fluxes

The FuGas 2.3 Framework for Atmosphere–Ocean Coupling: Comparing Algorithms for the Estimation of Solubilities and Gas Fluxes

LakeSST: Lake Skin Surface Temperatures in French inland water bodies for 1999–2016 from Landsat archives

Impact of operational model nesting approaches and inherent errors for coastal simulations

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