“…Electrochemical energy storage systems that are economical, secure, and ecologically benign are crucial for the efficient utilization of renewable energy. Owing to the non-toxic and inflammable properties of aqueous electrolytes, aqueous batteries are among the best options for low-cost, large-scale energy storage applications., [1][2][3][4][5][6] Among the variety of promising aqueous battery systems (Li + , [7,8] Na + , [9,10] K + , [11,12] Ca 2 + , [13] Mg 2 + , [14] Zn 2 + , [15][16][17][18][19] NH 4 + , [20,21] etc. ), aqueous zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) have received a lot of interest in recent years benefiting from high specific capacities of the zinc metal anode (820 mAh g À 1 and 5845 mAh cm À 3 ), relatively low potential (À 0.763 V vs. SHE, in mild or acidic electrolytes) and low cost.…”