Bulk-viscosity-driven clusterization of quark-gluon plasma and early freeze-out in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Torrieri, Giorgio; Tomášik, Boris; Mishustin, I. N.

doi:10.1103/physrevc.77.034903

Cited by 108 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…In that context the analogue of vapour pressure is the pressure of the vacuum, P = 0, whereas in ours it is the pressure of the isotropic phase. As above, however, we emphasize that in the case of [21] the pressure drop is due to a dynamical effect, namely to the viscosity corrections that result from the expansion of the plasma. In contrast, in our case this is a static effect presumably resulting from the interaction of the extended objects in the plasma.…”

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confidence: 79%

“…The physics in Zones I and II shares some similarities with that of QCD at low T and finite baryon density [21]. In that case the pressure of a chirally broken homogeneous phase with density lower than a critical density n 0 is negative (except in a tiny region of very small densities).…”

mentioning

confidence: 82%

“…the formation of bubbles of vapour in regions of a flowing liquid in which the pressure of the liquid drops below its vapour pressure. Cavitation has been proposed [21] (see also [22]) as a mechanism that would lead to fragmentation of the QGP into droplets that would subsequently evaporate, thus providing a new scenario for how hadronization is achieved. In that context the analogue of vapour pressure is the pressure of the vacuum, P = 0, whereas in ours it is the pressure of the isotropic phase.…”

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confidence: 99%

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AnisotropicN=4Super-Yang-Mills Plasma and Its Instabilities

2011

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We present a IIB supergravity solution dual to a spatially anisotropic finite-temperature N = 4 super Yang-Mills plasma. The solution is static and completely regular. The full geometry can be viewed as a renormalization group flow from an ultraviolet AdS geometry to an infrared Lifshitz-like geometry. The anisotropy can be equivalently understood as resulting from a position-dependent θ-term or from a non-zero number density of dissolved D7-branes. The holographic stress tensor is conserved and anisotropic. The presence of a conformal anomaly plays an important role in the thermodynamics. The phase diagram exhibits homogeneous and inhomogeneous (i.e. mixed) phases. In some regions the homogeneous phase displays instabilities reminiscent of those of weakly coupled plasmas. We comment on similarities with QCD at finite baryon density and with the phenomenon of cavitation.1. Introduction. The realization that the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) produced in heavy ion collisions (HIC) is strongly coupled [1] has provided motivation for understanding the dynamics of strongly coupled non-Abelian plasmas through the gauge/string duality [2] (see [3] for a review of applications to the QGP). The simplest example of the duality is the equivalence between fourdimensional N = 4 SU (N c ) super Yang-Mills (SYM) theory and IIB string theory on AdS 5 × S 5 . Here we extend this example to the case in which the SYM plasma is spatially anisotropic. For accessibility by a broad audience, details will appear elsewhere [4]. Previous holographic studies of anisotropic plasmas include [5,6]. One important difference with the gravity solution of [6] is that the latter possesses a naked singularity, whereas our solution is completely regular.

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confidence: 79%

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confidence: 82%

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confidence: 99%

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AnisotropicN=4Super-Yang-Mills Plasma and Its Instabilities

2011

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“…On the other hand, a sharp rise of the bulk viscosity has been predicted [49] around T c . If the effect of the bulk viscosity at T c is large the flow could be modified [50,51] or could even become unstable leading to the fragmentation of the fireball [52]. On the other hand, the rise of the bulk viscosity near T c could be accompanied by critical slowing down, which leads to an increase of the dynamical bulk viscosity relaxation time τ Π , delaying the onset and effectively diminishing bulk viscosity effects.…”

Section: Shear and Bulk Viscositiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bulk and shear viscosities of matter created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Božek¹

2010

Phys. Rev. C

190

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We study the effects of shear and bulk viscosities in the hadronic phase on the expansion of the fireball and on the particle production in relativistic heavy ion collisions. Comparing simulation with or without viscosity in the hadronic matter we find that elliptic flow observables strongly dependent on dissipative effects in the late stage. On the other hand, interferometry radii are sensitive, through the early transverse flow, on the value of the viscosity at high temperatures. We present first calculations including the effects of bulk viscosity in the hadronic phase and in the hadron emission. We find them important in obtaining a small freeze-out temperature consistent with the measured transverse momentum spectra and elliptic flow of identified particles.

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“…Recent attempts to reconcile hydrodynamics with interferometric data [7,8] have focused on a supposed sharp increase, and perhaps divergence, of bulk viscosity near T c . This behavior of bulk viscosity has now been inferred from a variety of arguments [9,10,11].…”

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Instability of boost-invariant hydrodynamics with a QCD-inspired bulk viscosity

Torrieri

Mishustin

2008

Phys. Rev. C

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We solve the relativistic Navier-Stokes equations with homogeneous boost-invariant boundary conditions, and perform a stability analysis of the solution. We show that, if the bulk viscosity has a peak around Tc as inferred from QCD-based arguments, the background solution "freezes" at Tc to a nearly constant temperature state. This state is however highly unstable with respect to certain inhomogeneous modes. Calculations show that these modes have enough time to blow up and tear the system into droplets. We conjecture that this is how freeze-out occurs in the QGP created in heavy ion collisions, and perhaps similar transitions in the early universe.PACS numbers: 25.75.Dw,25.75.Nq The system produced at RHIC [1] is believed to be a good liquid in the early stages of its evolution. At a later stage this liquid transforms into a gas of particles which interact more weakly and eventually decouple.The transition from a strongly interacting liquid into particles is however still not understood, both on the fundamental and phenomenological level. On a conceptual level, no adequate description exists of how the mean-free path goes from zero ("nearly ideal liquid") to a distance comparable to system size ("transport" of particles).On a phenomenological level, hydrodynamics fails to reproduce particle interferometry data [2] unless the system decouples at an unrealistically high temperature [3] (∼ T c , the critical temperature for the QCD phase transition) . Moreover, attempts to use a hadronic transport model as an afterburner to hydrodynamics (conceptually considered to be the "next best" approximation) has failed to improve the model-data agreement [4,5,6].Recent attempts to reconcile hydrodynamics with interferometric data [7,8] have focused on a supposed sharp increase, and perhaps divergence, of bulk viscosity near T c . This behavior of bulk viscosity has now been inferred from a variety of arguments [9,10,11]. In this work, we combine the recently acquired understanding of viscosity with an earlier study [12] to get a simple picture of how the peak in viscosity triggers freeze-out process.The Navier-Stokes equations with Boost-invariant symmetry [13,15] can be rewritten [12] in terms of the Reynolds number R, the entropy s the co-moving time τ , the total number (N ) of dimensions, and the dimensionality of the homogeneous expansion (M )For example, M = 1 N = 3 corresponds to the case studied in [13], M = N = 3 to the "Krakow model" [14] or to a Friedman-like solution in flat space. The Reynolds number is a function of temperature T ,bulk and shear viscosity ζ and η and entropy s where t = T − T c and σ = 0.01T c and z pQCD ∼ 10

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Bulk-viscosity-driven clusterization of quark-gluon plasma and early freeze-out in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Cited by 108 publications

References 47 publications

AnisotropicN=4Super-Yang-Mills Plasma and Its Instabilities

AnisotropicN=4Super-Yang-Mills Plasma and Its Instabilities

Bulk and shear viscosities of matter created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Instability of boost-invariant hydrodynamics with a QCD-inspired bulk viscosity

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