Bullfrog Oil Reduces the Carrageenan-induced Edema in Wistar Rats by <i>in vitro</i> Reduction of Inflammatory Mediators

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Bullfrog Oil Polymeric Nanocapsules: From the Design to Preclinical Trials

“…These fatty acids can modulate the anti-inflammatory response and diminish TNF release. 12,43 These results support the initial hypothesis that the chemical composition of BFO is responsible for its anti-inflammatory effect.…”

“…In addition, at 48 h, the NO levels remained unchanged from that at 24 h, revealing that free BFO did decrease NO levels in a concentration-dependent manner. Similar results were reported by Barbosa et al, who showed that a combination of BFO and Cetiol ® V diminished NO level by approximately 30% in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells after 48 h. 12 However, this author used a marketable BFO sample with an unknown production process. In contrast, in this work, BFO was obtained via hot extraction as proposed by Amaral-Machado, which ensures the reproducibility of the chemical characteristics of the oil.…”

“…This finding is also in agreement with that of Barbosa et al, who observed that BFO decreased IL-6 levels only at a concentration of 200 µg.mL −1 . 12 In contrast, BFONc was much more effective in reducing IL-6 levels. As shown in Figure 6, BFO nanoencapsulation at 50, 100, and 500 µg.mL −1 concentrations resulted in decreases of 51 ± 14%, 44 ± 8%, and 89 ± 14% in the levels of this cytokine, respectively (p < 0.05).…”

“…Indeed, these results of the anti-inflammatory potential of free BFO and BFONc agree with those of Barbosa et al, who showed that BFO could decrease paw edema by up to 50% in rats and corroborate the findings of the in vitro assay. 12 Furthermore, the lowest efficacy of BFONc at 50 and 100 mg/kg, compared to BFONc at 500 mg/kg, can be explained by the properties of the nanostructured system itself. As already discussed, the nanocapsules may act as reservoir systems.…”

“…Moreover, in vivo studies have indicated that BFO decreased tissue inflammation in Wistar rats and Swiss mice as expressively as indomethacin, highlighting the anti-inflammatory potential of this oil. 8,12 Although they provided useful knowledge for further research, these studies focused only on the activity of BFO in natura. It is well known that this oil presents challenging physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics, such as unfavorable smell, flavor, and spreadability, which contribute negatively to therapeutic compliance.…”