Buprenorphine treatment receipt characteristics and retention among people who inject drugs at Integrated Care Centers in India

Abstract

BackgroundIndia is facing an alarming rise in the injection of opioids leading to burgeoning HIV epidemics among people who inject drugs (PWID) in several cities. Integrated Care Centers (ICCs) provide free single-venue HIV services and substance use treatment to PWID and have been established across 8 Indian cities. We evaluated engagement of PWID in buprenorphine treatment at ICCs to inform interventions.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 1-year follow-up data for PWID initiating buprenorphine between 1 January – 31 December 2018 across 7 ICCs. We used descriptive statistics to evaluate buprenorphine uptake, receipt frequency, treatment interruptions (no buprenorphine receipt for 60 consecutive days but with subsequent re-engagement in treatment), and treatment drop-out (no buprenorphine receipt for 60 consecutive days without subsequent re-engagement), and explore differences between historical opioid epidemic regions (i.e., Northeast cities (NEC)) and emerging opioid epidemic regions (i.e., North/Central/Northwest cities (NCC)). We used a multivariable logistic regression model to determine predictors of treatment drop-out by 6 months.Results1312 PWID initiated buprenorphine (76% NCC vs. 24% NEC). 31% of PWID in NCC, and 25% in NEC experienced ≥ 1 treatment interruption. About a third (34%) of PWID in NCC vs. half (50%) in NEC dropped-out by 6 months (p<0.0001). Over 6 months, 48% of PWID in NCC vs. 60% in NEC received buprenorphine ≤2 times/week on average (p<0.0001). In multivariable models, living in NEC was associated with increased odds of treatment drop-out while receipt of counseling was associated with decreased odds of treatment drop-out.ConclusionsPWID at ICCs, particularly those in NEC have low buprenorphine receipt and retention. Patient-centered interventions adapted to regional contexts are urgently needed to ameliorate these gaps.