Burden of Alcoholic Liver Disease: Bhutan Scenario

Wangchuk, Pelden

doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10018-1267

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…These findings are in agreement with reports from different parts of the world, emphasizing the increasing burden of ALD in those populations. ( 3,31‐33 )…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Alcoholic Liver Disease are Major Drivers of Liver Mortality in the United States

et al. 2020

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In the United States, chronic viral hepatitis B and C (CHB and CHC), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) are the main causes of liver deaths attributable to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cirrhosis. Our aim was to assess the changes in the rates of mortality and years of potential life lost (YLL) for HCC and cirrhosis due to different liver diseases. We used multiple-cause mortality data (2007-2017) from the National Center for Health Statistics. Annual percentage change (APC) in age-standardized death rate per 100,000 (ASDR) and age-standardized years of life lost per 100,000 (ASYLLR) were calculated. In the United States in 2017, there were 2,797,265 deaths with 73,424 liver deaths, contributing to 1,467,742 of YLL. Of the liver deaths, HCC was noted in 12,169 (16.6%) and cirrhosis in 60,111 (82.0%). CHC was responsible for 50.4% of HCC deaths; NAFLD, 35.4%; HBV, 6.0%; ALD, 5.4%; and others, 2.8%. NAFLD was responsible for 48.9% of cirrhosis deaths; ALD, 34.7%; CHC, 12.3%; CHB, 0.9%; and others, 3.2%. Between 2007 and 2017, the increase in ASDR for HCC due to ALD and NAFLD accelerated after 2014 (APC, 11.38% and 6.55%, respectively) whereas CHC stabilized (APC, 0.63%; P = 0.272) after 2011. The increase in ASYLLR of HCC escalated after 2014 for ALD and NAFLD (APC, 12.12% and 6.15%, respectively) and leveled out for CHC after 2012 (APC, −1.05%; P = 0.056). Furthermore, the highest annual increase in ASDR and ASYLLR for cirrhosis was due to ALD (APC, 3.24% and 3.34%, respectively) followed by NAFLD (APC, 1.23% and 0.49%, respectively). Conclusion: Over the past decade, ASDR and ASYLLR due to ALD and NAFLD have been increasing in the United States. The rising burden of HCC and cirrhosis are primarily driven by NAFLD and ALD. (Hepatology Communications 2020;4:890-903).

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“…These findings are in agreement with reports from different parts of the world, emphasizing the increasing burden of ALD in those populations. ( 3,31‐33 )…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Alcoholic Liver Disease are Major Drivers of Liver Mortality in the United States

et al. 2020

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“…[54] Alcoholic liver disease continues to be in the top five causes of morbidity and mortality in Bhutan. [34,35,55] This has led to significant medical and health costs in terms of care and rehabilitation for those with alcohol dependence. [36] In recent years, there have been attempts by the government to stop the import of alcohol.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Correlates of Current Alcohol Use among Bhutanese Adults: A Nationally Representative Survey Data Analysis

Wangdi

Jamtsho

2019

Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine

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Background: Alcohol-related ailments are among the 10 leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Bhutan. The objectives of this article were to determine the prevalence and explore the correlates of current alcohol use among Bhutanese adults. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study of secondary data from the National Health Survey 2012 of Bhutan. The outcome variable of interest was current alcohol use. The questionnaire was developed following the World Health Organization (WHO) STEPwise approach to Surveillance (STEPS) of noncommunicable diseases. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify the correlates of current alcohol use. The prevalence of current alcohol use was 30.9%. The correlates of current alcohol use were male sex [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.85; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.47–2.36], widowhood (AOR = 2.92, 95% CI, 1.22–6.99), and chewing betel quid >20 times per week (AOR = 2.07, 95% CI, 1.08–4.03). Primary (AOR = 0.67, 95% CI, 0.50–0.91), high (AOR = 0.52, 95% CI, 0.38–0.71), and university (AOR = 0.46, 95% CI, 0.29–0.73) educated participants were less likely to be current alcohol users when compared with those who had no education. Compared with unskilled workers, services and sales workers were less likely to use alcohol regularly (AOR = 0.64, 95% CI, 0.49–0.82). Homemade alcohol Ara was the most common drink. Conclusion: The national prevalence of current alcohol use in Bhutan is higher than the national average in the WHO South-East Asia Region. Prevention should target the correlates and limit the availability of locally home-brewed Ara .

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“…The estimated present value of current and future economic cost of the alcohol-related conditions for Sri Lanka in 2015 was USD 885.86 million, 1.07% of the GDP of that year [30]. The ALD is responsible for 15% of all deaths on an average in the last 3 years in Bhutan [34]. With recent changes in the economies and increases in average incomes in developing regions of the world, there has been a rapid rise in per capita alcohol consumption in countries such as China and India.…”

Section: Economical Burden Of Alcoholmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol Induced Fatty Liver: A Tragic Inception of Wrong Turn

2019

ARC Journal of Nursing and Healthcare

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Alcohol is a noteworthy reason for liver cirrhosis in the Western world and records for most of instances of liver cirrhosis found in region general emergency clinics in the UK. Alcoholic liver disease is a term that incorporates the liver appearances of alcohol overconsumption, including fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and constant hepatitis with liver fibrosis or cirrhosis. As per the American Liver Foundation (ALF), somewhere in the range of 10 and 20 percent of substantial consumers will develop cirrhosis. The disease is a piece of a progression. It might begin with fatty liver disease, at that point advancement to alcoholic hepatitis, and after that to alcoholic cirrhosis. Be that as it may, it's conceivable an individual can develop alcoholic liver cirrhosis while never having alcoholic hepatitis. Symptoms of alcoholic liver cirrhosis regularly develop when an individual is between the ages of 30 and 40. All things considered, it takes around one hour for the body to utilize (separate) one standard beverage as characterized by U.S. rules (for example 12 ounces of 4.5% brew, 5 ounces of 11% wine, or 1.5 ounces of 35% alcohol). Utilization of 60-80g every day (14g is viewed as one standard beverage in the US, i.e., 1.5 fl oz hard alcohol, 5 fl oz wine, 12 fl oz lager; drinking a six-pack of brew day by day would be amidst the range) for a long time or more in men, or 20g/day for ladies fundamentally builds the danger of hepatitis and fibrosis by 7% to 47%. Of all endless substantial consumers, just 15-20% develop hepatitis or cirrhosis, which can happen correspondingly or in progression. The purpose for is accepted to be the liver has gigantic ability to recover and notwithstanding when 75% of hepatocytes are dead, it keeps on working as should be expected. As indicated by NIAAA (1993), somewhere in the range of 10% and 35% of substantial consumers develop alcoholic hepatitis. While development of hepatitis isn't specifically identified with the portion of alcohol, a few people appear to be more prone to this response than others. This is called alcoholic steato-necrosis (Steatosis) and the inflammation seems to incline to liver fibrosis.

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Burden of Alcoholic Liver Disease: Bhutan Scenario

Cited by 5 publications

References 115 publications

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Alcoholic Liver Disease are Major Drivers of Liver Mortality in the United States

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Alcoholic Liver Disease are Major Drivers of Liver Mortality in the United States

Prevalence and Correlates of Current Alcohol Use among Bhutanese Adults: A Nationally Representative Survey Data Analysis

Alcohol Induced Fatty Liver: A Tragic Inception of Wrong Turn

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