Burden of disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b in children younger than 5 years: global estimates

A comparative clinical study to assess safety and reactogenicity of a DTwP-HepB+Hib vaccine

“…2 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is also a significant problem with an annual estimated 2.4 to 3.0 million cases and 72,000 deaths in under-5 Indian children. 3,4 As a result, the National Technical Advisory Group on Immunization (NTAGI) in India recommended inclusion of Hib vaccine in the EPI in year 2009. 4 Combination vaccines overcome the constraints of multiple injections.…”

Expression of plasma cell alloantigen 1 defines layered development of B-1a B-cell subsets with distinct innate-like functions

“…Infections of infants with encapsulated bacteria such as Haemophilus influenza, Neisseria meningitides, and Streptococcus pneumoniae are a leading cause of death in children worldwide (60)(61)(62). Strategies for protection from infection have been focused on immunization with vaccines, mainly produced from polysaccharides purified from bacterial capsules.…”

Pentavalent DTP vaccine

“…A large percentage of Indian children are at high risk of contracting Hib disease due to increasing antibiotic resistance as well as limited access to healthcare facilities. Watt et al estimated the 2000 annual burden in India at ~2.4-3.0 million cases and 72,000 deaths in children under age five due to invasive Hib disease (which includes pneumonia and meningitis), 6,7 which accounted for ~4% of all deaths below 5 y of age. 6 The incidence of pneumonia far exceeds that of meningitis, while the latter has a higher case-fatality rate.…”

“…Watt et al estimated the 2000 annual burden in India at ~2.4-3.0 million cases and 72,000 deaths in children under age five due to invasive Hib disease (which includes pneumonia and meningitis), 6,7 which accounted for ~4% of all deaths below 5 y of age. 6 The incidence of pneumonia far exceeds that of meningitis, while the latter has a higher case-fatality rate. In 2008, Rudan et al estimated that in India 43 million new cases of clinical pneumonia in children older, followed by dose-2 after a gap of at least 4 weeks, and dose-3 also after a gap of at least 4 weeks.…”