Burden of Disease Methods: A Guide to Calculate COVID-19 Disability-Adjusted Life Years

Wyper, Grant M. A.; Assunção, Ricardo; Colzani, Edoardo; Grant, Ian; Haagsma, Juanita A.; Lagerweij, Giske; Lippe, Elena von der; McDonald, Scott; Pires, Sara Monteiro; Porst, Michael; Speybroeck, Niko; Devleesschauwer, Brecht

doi:10.3389/ijph.2021.619011

Cited by 59 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…For the computation of DALY, three different approaches to calculate the CDW as mentioned by Hilderink et al 15 were used. The DALY estimates and productivity losses were computed as done by Wyper et al 32 and Rumisha et al 33…”

Section: Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of the economic burden of COVID-19 using disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and productivity losses in Kerala, India: a model-based analysis

et al. 2021

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ObjectivesFrom the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, clinical practice and research globally have centred on the prevention of transmission and treatment of the disease. The pandemic has had a huge impact on the economy and stressed healthcare systems worldwide. The present study estimates disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years of potential productive life lost (YPPLL) and cost of productivity lost (CPL) due to premature mortality and absenteeism secondary to COVID-19 in the state of Kerala, India.SettingDetails on sociodemographics, incidence, death, quarantine, recovery time, etc were derived from public sources and the Collective for Open Data Distribution-Keralam. The working proportion for 5-year age–gender cohorts and the corresponding life expectancy were obtained from the 2011 Census of India.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe impact of the disease was computed through model-based analysis on various age–gender cohorts. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by adjusting six variables across 21 scenarios. We present two estimates, one until 15 November 2020 and later updated to 10 June 2021.ResultsSeverity of infection and mortality were higher among the older cohorts, with men being more susceptible than women in most subgroups. DALYs for males and females were 15 954.5 and 8638.4 until 15 November 2020, and 83 853.0 and 56 628.3 until 10 June 2021. The corresponding YPPLL were 1323.57 and 612.31 until 15 November 2020, and 6993.04 and 3811.57 until 10 June 2021, and the CPL (premature mortality) were 263 780 579.94 and 41 836 001.82 until 15 November 2020, and 1 419 557 903.76 and 278 275 495.29 until 10 June 2021.ConclusionsMost of the COVID-19 burden was contributed by years of life lost. Losses due to YPPLL were reduced as the impact of COVID-19 infection was lesser among the productive cohorts. The CPL values for individuals aged 40–49 years old were the highest. These estimates provide the data necessary for policymakers to work on reducing the economic burden of COVID-19 in Kerala.

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Section: Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of the economic burden of COVID-19 using disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and productivity losses in Kerala, India: a model-based analysis

et al. 2021

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“…The modelling approach to calculating DALYs was based on the COVID-19 consensus model and methods outlined by the European Burden of Disease Network and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). 20 Death counts were aggregated by five-year age-group and sex to calculate YLL. For the purposes of YLL calculations, the under-5 years age-group was split into under 1 year and 1 to 4 years, and the upper open-ended age-group was set at 95 years and above.…”

Section: Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our disease model for health loss due to COVID-19 morbidity is based on a published consensus method outlined by the European Burden of Disease Network and the ECDC. 20 This method can be adapted for both prevalence-or pathogen-based YLD calculations. In our SBOD study, we largely use prevalence-based YLD calculations across our cause list, which means that any future indirect effects from COVID-19 following infection in those with "long COVID", such as circulatory or respiratory conditions, would be attributed to their relevant non-communicable disease group through prevalence estimates.…”

Section: Strengths and Weaknessesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring the direct population impact of COVID-19 in Scotland, 2020: estimating disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) during the first full calendar year

Wyper¹,

Fletcher²,

Grant³

et al. 2021

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Background: Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) combine the impact of morbidity and mortality and can enable comprehensive, and comparable, assessments of direct and indirect health harms due to COVID-19. Our aim was to estimate DALYs directly due to COVID-19 in Scotland, during 2020; and contextualise its population impact relative to other causes of disease and injury.Methods: National deaths and daily case data were used. Deaths were based on underlying and contributory causes recorded on death certificates. We calculated DALYs based on the COVID-19 consensus model and methods outlined by the European Burden of Disease Network. DALYs were presented as a range, using a sensitivity based on Years of Life Lost estimates using: cause-specific; and COVID-19 related deaths. All estimates were for 2020.Findings: In 2020, estimates of COVID-19 DALYs in Scotland ranged from 96,500 to 108,200. Direct COVID-19 DALYs were substantial enough to be framed as the second leading cause of disease and injury, with only ischaemic heart disease having a larger impact on population health. Mortality contributed 98% of total DALYs.Interpretation: The direct population health impact of COVID-19 has been very substantial. Despite unprecedented mitigation efforts, COVID-19 developed from a single identified case in early 2020 to a condition with an impact in Scotland second only to ischaemic heart disease. Periodic estimation of DALYs during 2021, and beyond, will provide indications of the impact of DALYs averted due to the national roll-out of the vaccination programme and other continued mitigation efforts, although new variants may pose significant challenges.

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“…Due to the enormous rate of spread of the pandemic, longterm, multi-center, case control studies are needed (27). In addition, the authors of this report postulate the need to look for a standardized panel of diagnostic tests, which, given the ubiquitous pandemic, would allow the identification of a group of people at particular risk of developing first-time psychosis spectrum disorders.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First-Time Psychotic Symptoms in a Patient After COVID-19 Infection—A Case Report

2021

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A 39-year-old, previously healthy, white male with no personal or family history of mental illness presented with new, first-time psychotic symptoms. The new psychotic symptoms appeared on patient admission to the hospital, occurring during a diagnosis of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. On the first day of hospitalization for worsening psychotic symptoms and the appearance of aggression toward the staff, the patient was transferred to the psychiatric hospital. After the initial treatment with antipsychotics and benzodiazepines, his mental condition improved. The patient was then transferred for further treatment of his somatic condition in the internal medicine ward, with a recommendation to continue treatment in the psychiatric ward once his somatic condition was stabilized. This is one of the few reported cases of COVID-19-related psychosis in a patient without a personal or family history; moreover, this description contains important data regarding elevated IL-6, which may prove to be a key factor in the induction of new psychotic symptoms. It indicates the important need for careful monitoring of neuropsychiatric symptoms among COVID-19 patients.

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Burden of Disease Methods: A Guide to Calculate COVID-19 Disability-Adjusted Life Years

Abstract: This publication is based upon work from COST Action CA18218 (European Burden of disease Network-www.

Cited by 59 publications

References 20 publications

Estimation of the economic burden of COVID-19 using disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and productivity losses in Kerala, India: a model-based analysis

Estimation of the economic burden of COVID-19 using disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and productivity losses in Kerala, India: a model-based analysis

Measuring the direct population impact of COVID-19 in Scotland, 2020: estimating disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) during the first full calendar year

First-Time Psychotic Symptoms in a Patient After COVID-19 Infection—A Case Report

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