Burden of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-Related Cancers Attributable to HPVs 6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52 and 58

Abstract

Background Many countries, mainly high- and upper-middle income, have implemented human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programs, with 47 million women receiving the full course of vaccine (three doses) in 2014. To evaluate the potential impact of HPV vaccines in the reduction of HPV-related disease, we aimed to estimate the HPV type distribution and burden of anogenital and head and neck cancers attributable to HPV types (HPVs 16/18/31/33/45/52/58/6/11) included in currently licensed HPV vaccines. Methods In all, 18 247 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens were retrieved from 50 countries. HPV DNA detection and typing were performed with the SPF-10 PCR/DEIA/LiPA25 system. With the exception of cervical cancer, HPV DNA-positive samples were additionally subjected to HPV E6*I mRNA detection and/or p16INK4a immunohistochemistry. For cervical cancer, estimates were based on HPV DNA, whereas for other sites, estimates were based on HPV DNA, E6*I mRNA, and p16INK4a biomarkers. Results The addition of HPVs 31/33/45/52/58 to HPVs 16/18/6/11 in the nonavalent HPV vaccine could prevent almost 90% of cervical cancer cases worldwide. For other sites, the nonavalent HPV vaccine could prevent 22.8% of vulvar, 24.5% of penile, 60.7% of vaginal, 79.0% of anal cancers, 21.3% of oropharyngeal, 4.0% of oral cavity, and 2.7% of laryngeal cancer cases. Conclusions Our estimations suggest a potential impact of the nonavalent HPV vaccine in reducing around 90% of cervical cancer cases and a global reduction of 50% of all the cases at HPV-related cancer sites.

Oncolytic Newcastle disease virus delivered by Mesenchymal stem cells-engineered system enhances the therapeutic effects altering tumor microenvironment

“…The growth of HPVassociated cancers depends on the continued expression of the viral E6 and E7 oncogenes [2]. In spite of advances in diagnostic methods, these types of cancer are reported to cause 640,000 new cases annually in both sexes [3]. Thus, developing novel therapeutic approaches is urgently in demand [4,5].…”

Theta-Defensins Inhibit High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infection Through Charge-Driven Capsid Clustering

“…Interestingly, removal of HSPG moieties that may co-purify during normal PsV production resulted in a PsV (HSPG-) that was slightly more resistant to RTD-1 inhibition as the IC 50 was found to be roughly twice the amount needed to inhibit unmodified PsV ( Figure 5A ). Additionally, while HPV16 is the dominant genotype found in both cervical and head and neck cancers, we still wanted to examine the effects of RTD-1 on infection by other prevalent hrHPV to confirm a multi-hrHPV subtype effect ( 41 ). Using genotype-specific neutralizing antibodies as positive controls for inhibition, we found that RTD-1 was able to significantly reduce infection of HPV18 and HPV31 PsV in a dose-dependent manner, similar to HPV16 ( Figures 5B,C , 2.5 μg/ml shown), suggesting that RTD-1 inhibition can be applied across many hrHPV genotypes.…”

Co-incidence of Human Papillomaviruses and Epstein–Barr Virus Is Associated With High to Intermediate Tumor Grade in Human Head and Neck Cancer in Syria

“…Today, it is well-known that more than 20% of human cancers are estimated to be linked with microorganism infections including oncoviruses infection especially high-risk human papillomaviruses (high-risk HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (6)(7)(8). More specifically, it has been well-established that highrisk HPV infections are critical etiological factors in the development of human HN cancers, especially oral, as ∼40% of oral cancer cases are positive for high-risk HPVs, particularly types 16,18,31,33,35,45,52, and 58 worldwide including the Middle East (ME) region (7,9). Additionally, it was pointed out that their presence is linked with vascular invasion and lymph node metastases in different types of human carcinomas including cervical and HN (10)(11)(12).…”