Burden of oral cancer in Asia from 1990 to 2019: Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study

Abstract

Background Oral cancer (OC) poses a threat to human health and imposes a heavy burden on countries. We assessed the burden imposed by OC on Asian nations from 1990 to 2019 based on gender and age. Methods We collected oral cancer data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study from 1990 to 2019 in 45 Asian countries and territories. Annual case data and age-standardised rates (ASRs) were used to investigate the incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of OC based on age and gender from 1990 to 2019 in 45 Asian countries and territories. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) were used to assess incidence rate, mortality, and trends in DALYs. Results The age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR) of OC increased from 1990 to 2019 with an EAPC of 0.32 (95% CI, 0.19–0.46), and the age-standardised death rate of OC remained stable at an EAPC of 0.08 (95%CI, from -0.06 to 0.21). The age-standardised DALYs of OC decreased at an EAPC of -0.16 (95%CI, from -0.30 to -0.02). The proportion of patients older than 70 years increased yearly in terms of incidence, mortality, and DALYs from 1990 to 2019. Of the DALYs, smoking was the main contributor in the Asian regions, and the largest contributor to DALYs in most Asian regions. Other contributors were alcohol use and chewing tobacco. Conclusion Although the burden of OC was declining in Asia, South Asia remained the region with the highest burden. OC caused the greatest burden in Pakistan, Taiwan China, and India. Therefore, measures should be taken to reduce the burden of oral cancer in high-risk regions and countries with attributable risk factors.

The Applications and Potential Developments of Ultrasound in Oral Cancer Management

“… 1 Oral cancer is endemic and causes a great burden in Southern Asia because of habitual betel quid use, cigarette smoking, and chewing tobacco consumption. 1 , 2 Surgical resection of the primary malignancy with/without neck dissection has long been regarded as the best approach. The invasive nature of this disease makes it difficult to determine the margins, especially the deep margin, and the undesirable consequences of close or positive margins are still not uncommon, accounting for 11%-63% close margins and 7%-27% positive margins.…”

Traditional Chinese medicine use in patients with oral cancer: A retrospective longitudinal cohort study in Taiwan

“…[ 1 ] High risk behaviors observed in South Asian and Southeast Asian cohorts have given rise to an increased prevalence of etiological conditions prevailing in cancers of the head and neck. [ 2 ] Given the popularity of the primary high risk behaviors such as smoking, alcohol consumption and betel quid chewing in these regions, the increased incidence of oral cancer is epidemiologically relevant. [ 3 , 4 ] According to Xia et al, [ 2 ] the greatest societal burden of oral cancer is observed in Pakistan, Taiwan, China, and India.…”

“…[ 2 ] Given the popularity of the primary high risk behaviors such as smoking, alcohol consumption and betel quid chewing in these regions, the increased incidence of oral cancer is epidemiologically relevant. [ 3 , 4 ] According to Xia et al, [ 2 ] the greatest societal burden of oral cancer is observed in Pakistan, Taiwan, China, and India. Furthermore, the highest risk factor is attributed to cigarette smoking, followed closely by alcohol consumption and chewing tobacco.…”

“…Furthermore, the highest risk factor is attributed to cigarette smoking, followed closely by alcohol consumption and chewing tobacco. [ 2 ] Subsequent evidence produced by Lee et al [ 5 ] denotes the incidence of betel quid chewing to be of most relevance in regard to increased risk for oral cancer development. Gupta et al [ 6 ] conducted a meta-analysis which revealed that the risk for oral cancer following the cessation of betel quid chewing remains high, and individuals are still at high-risk of cancer development within the first 10 years after cessation.…”

Use of artificial intelligence in the classification of elementary orallesions from clinical images

“…Trained health professionals could, in theory, favour early diagnosis and local control of the disease by triage [18,19]. However, this approach is costly, time-consuming, laborious and may have limited results if it is performed by inexperienced professionals [12,18].…”