Burden of Oral Cancer on the 10 Most Populous Countries from 1990 to 2019: Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Abstract

Background: Oral cancer (OC) is a common tumour that poses a threat to human health and imposes a heavy burden on countries. This study assessed the burden imposed by OC on the 10 most populous countries from 1990 to 2019 on the basis of gender, age and socio-demographic index. Methods: Data on incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALY) and corresponding age-standardised rates (ASR) for OC in the 10 most populous countries from 1990 to 2019 were derived from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Estimated annual percentage changes were calculated to assess the trends of morbidity, mortality and DALY. The indicator that served as a proxy for survival rate was the supplement of mortality-to-incidence ratio (SMIR) (1 − (M/I)). Results: The number of new cases, deaths and DALY have increased in all 10 countries in the past 30 years. Trends in age-standardised incidence rates (ASIR), age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardised DALY for OC in the 10 most populous countries varied. The SMIR increased in all countries, with most countries having an SMIR between 30% and 50%. In 2019, the United States had the highest SMIR at 76%, whereas Russia had the lowest at 21.7%. Incidence and mortality were close between male and female subjects in Japan, Indonesia, Mexico, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. The incidence and mortality in male subjects in the United States, Russia, China and Brazil were two or more times those of female subjects. Gender difference was highest among patients aged 40–69 years. Conclusion: Trends and gender differences in ASIR, ASMR and age-standardised DALY for OC vary in the 10 most populous countries. Government cancer programs are often expensive to run, especially in countries with large populations. Policy makers need to take these differences into account when formulating policies.

Systematic Review of Multi-Dimensional Vulnerabilities in the Himalayas

“…About 85% of the vulnerability studies in the Himalayas were conducted in three countries: India, Nepal, and Pakistan. These countries have a significant population size [93]. Likewise, they possess social capital, research infrastructure, and technical resources to investigate vulnerability.…”

Salivary Metabolomics for Oral Cancer Detection: A Narrative Review

“…Tobacco usage, alcohol consumption, and human papillomavirus infection are the major risk factors for OC [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. A recent study compared the incidence of OC in the 10 most populous countries over the past 30 years and reported declining trends in the annual age-standardized incidence rate of OC in Bangladesh, Brazil, Mexico, and the United States; however, increasing trends were observed in China, Indonesia, Pakistan, India, and Japan [ 5 ]. The 5-year overall survival rate of OC is approximately 50% [ 6 ].…”

The Chemokine CCL4 Stimulates Angiopoietin-2 Expression and Angiogenesis via the MEK/ERK/STAT3 Pathway in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

“…Over 90% of oral cancer malignancies are squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) [ 1 ], making this type of cancer a major public health problem worldwide. In 2018, a total of 354,864 new cases of oral cancer and 177,384 deaths due to oral cancer were recorded worldwide [ 2 ]. In that same year, oral cavity, oropharynx and hypopharynx cancers were the fifth most common cancers in Taiwan’s general population, with an age-standardized incidence of 22.5 per 100,000 people [ 3 ].…”

“…Tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and betel nut chewing are major risk factors for oral cancer [ 4 ]. Standard treatment for OSCC is surgery followed by radiation or chemotherapy [ 2 ], but are associated with poor survival (with overall 5-year survival rates of around 40–50%), despite improvements in treatment methods combining different chemotherapeutic agents and radiotherapy protocols over the past few decades [ 5 ]. Therapeutic outcomes and survival are compromised not only by nodal and distal metastases [ 6 , 7 ], but also relatively low responsiveness to treatment, treatment resistance, disease recurrence, and the fact that ~40% of patients with OSCC are diagnosed with advanced stage IV disease, which has a poor prognosis [ 4 , 8 ].…”