Burden of Tobacco in Pakistan: Findings From Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2014

Saqib, Muhammad; Rafique, Ibrar; Qureshi, Huma; Munir, Muhammad; Bashir, Rizwan; Arif, Babur Wasim; Bhatti, Khalid M.; Ahmed, Shahzad Alam Khan; Bhatti, Lubna

doi:10.1093/ntr/ntx282

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…The study recruited adult patients who were daily tobacco smokers. Given the gender distribution of smoking in Bangladesh and Pakistan (smoking is predominantly a male behaviour), [18] we were able to recruit only a handful of women in the study. Given the nature of the comparison, there was an imbalance in the sample sizes of the groups being compared (25% quitters vs 75% non-quitters).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of quitting smoking on health outcomes during treatment for tuberculosis: secondary analysis of the TB & Tobacco Trial

Siddiqi

Keding

Marshall

et al. 2021

Thorax

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BackgroundDespite treatment, patients with tuberculosis (TB) who smoke have poorer outcomes compared with non-smokers. It is unknown, however, if quitting smoking during the 6 months of TB treatment improves TB outcomes.MethodsThe TB & Tobacco Trial was a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial of cytisine for smoking cessation in 2472 patients with pulmonary TB in Bangladesh and Pakistan. In a secondary analysis, we investigated the hypothesis that smoking cessation improves health outcomes in patients during the TB treatment course. The outcomes included an eight-point TB clinical score, sputum conversion rates, chest X-ray grades, quality of life (EQ-5D-5L), TB cure plus treatment completion rates and relapse rates. These were compared between those who stopped smoking and those who did not, using regression analysis.ResultsWe analysed the data of 2273 (92%) trial participants. Overall, 25% (577/2273) of participants stopped smoking. Compared with non-quitters, those who quit had better TB cure plus treatment completion rates (91% vs 80%, p<0.001) and lower TB relapse rates (6% vs 14%, p<0.001). Among quitters, a higher sputum conversion rate at week 9 (91% vs 87%, p=0.036), lower mean TB clinical scores (−0.20 points, 95% CI −0.31 to −0.08, p=0.001) and slightly better quality of life (mean EQ-5D-5L 0.86 vs 0.85, p=0.015) at 6 months were also observed. These differences, except quality of life, remained statistically significant after adjusting for baseline values, trial arm and TB treatment adherence rates.ConclusionPatients with TB who stop smoking may have better outcomes than those who don’t. Health professionals should support patients in stopping smoking.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of quitting smoking on health outcomes during treatment for tuberculosis: secondary analysis of the TB & Tobacco Trial

Siddiqi

Keding

Marshall

et al. 2021

Thorax

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“…21 It was reported that NCDs risk factors like tobacco, physical inactivity and unhealthy diet were common and there was a gradual increase in the burden of different NCDs especially diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. 8,22 The current finding of high daily salt intake is an addition to existing information on prevalence of different NCDs risk factors. Being the signatory of WHO treaty to lower the intake of salt in population, the Government of Pakistan must take urgent measures at policy level for reducing salt intake in the population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…5,6 Although spot test does not provide accurate prediction for 24 hour sodium, however, this test can be used for population estimates and can provide adequate information for monitoring. 7 Despite the rising burden of NCDs, especially hypertension and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in Pakistan, 8 information on the daily salt intake and its discretionary use was not available. Similarly, to our best knowledge, there was no report available addressing the issue of daily salt estimation in the local population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Salt Intake Implications as Risk Factor for Hypertension and Comparison of Three Salt Estimation Methods- Findings From Islamabad, Pakistan

Saqib¹,

Rafique

Ansar

et al. 2022

Pak Heart J

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Objectives: The study was designed to estimate daily salt intake, its discretionary use in healthy individuals and to validate three common methods for salt estimation in Pakistani population. Methodology: Information on demography and discretionary salt use was collected from healthy adults (>18 years) along with a blood sample, spot and 24 hour urine samples. Sodium, chloride, potassium levels and serum creatinine were measured using standard methods. For daily salt estimation, three common methods i.e. INTERSALT, Tanaka and Kawasaki were validated for their applicability in local settings. Results: Overall 24 h sodium excretion was 158 mmol/l indicating intake of 8.64 (±4.43) grams salt per day which was significantly associated with male gender (p. <0.004) and adding salt during cooking (p. <0.0001). Most (73%) of the participants know about hazardous effects of high salt intake, however, only 25% consider important to lower salt intake. None of three methods i.e. INTERSALT (bias: -19.64; CCC -0.79), Tanaka (bias: 167.35; CCC -0.37) and Kawasaki (bias: -42.49, CCC -0.79) showed any agreement between measured and estimated 24 hour sodium. Conclusion: Daily intake of salt was high which increases the risk for hypertension. Comparison of methods for estimation revealed that none of the three methods could be used for estimating daily intake of salt in local settings of Pakistan.

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“…FEV1 80% was taken as normal, FEV1 < 80% as stage 1, FEV1 between 79-50% as stage II and 30-40% as stage III and ≤ 30% was taken as stage IV are frequently exposed to indoor ETS and its exposure to pregnant women are the leading cause of preterm deliveries, low birth weight babies, sudden infant death 2, 3, syndrome, atopic asthma and ear infections in neonate. 13 premature deaths globally are attributed to ETS. ETS is a preventable risk factor for human health.…”

Section: Inclusion Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Environmental Tobacco Smoke on Pulmonary Functions of Females

Zia¹,

Shafiq²,

Jamshed³

et al. 2019

JAFMDC

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Background: Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) or passive smoking has an emerging burden on the society thus affecting the quality of individual's life. According to World Health Organization ETS is referred to the involuntary inhalation of burning tobacco products emitted from the smoking devices. More than 4000 harmful compounds including carcinogens are emitted from burning cigarettes and cigars etc, which are extremely harmful for human health. Pakistan has high tobacco consumption. Due to this reason women and children are frequently exposed to indoor ETS. Subjects with exposure to ETS have same ill effects as light active smokers. Aim: To evaluate the lung functions of passive smokers and to compare with non-smokers of the same age and social background. Methods: The study was conducted in a private hospital of Faisalabad. 250 female subjects aged 15- 45 years were included in the study. Data was collected by specially designed structured proforma and lung Function tests were performed by spirometry. Data was analyzed by using SPSS 20 version. P value ? 0.05 was taken as significant. Results: 250 females participated in study. 61.2 % of total study population was exposed to tobacco smoking. Out of total 250 subjects, 155(62%) had undiagnosed airway obstruction. FEV1, FVC and FEV1/ FVC ratio were lower in passive smokers as compared to non- smokers. Significant difference was found in FEV1 (0.003*), FVC (P value 0.002*), FEV1/FVC (0.001*). FEV1/FVC ratio of < 0.70 was noted in 89.5% and 18.5% of total passive smokers and nonsmokers respectively (obstructive air way pattern). 55% of subjects with reduced lung function parameters also reported chronic cough and shortness of breath. Conclusion: Airway obstruction was found among majority of passive smokers, confirmed by reduced lung function test.

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Burden of Tobacco in Pakistan: Findings From Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2014

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

Effect of quitting smoking on health outcomes during treatment for tuberculosis: secondary analysis of the TB & Tobacco Trial

Effect of quitting smoking on health outcomes during treatment for tuberculosis: secondary analysis of the TB & Tobacco Trial

High Salt Intake Implications as Risk Factor for Hypertension and Comparison of Three Salt Estimation Methods- Findings From Islamabad, Pakistan

Impact of Environmental Tobacco Smoke on Pulmonary Functions of Females

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