Burden of typhoid fever in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic, literature-based update with risk-factor adjustment

Mogasale, Vittal; Maskery, Brian; Ochiai, R. Leon; Lee, Jung Seok; Ramani, Enusa; Kim, Young Eun; Park, Jin Kyung; Wierzba, Thomas F.

doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(14)70301-8

Cited by 493 publications

(443 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Since we estimated the epidemiological burden of disease for a region afflicted by a typhoid outbreak, our calculations reflect the costeffectiveness of a typhoid vaccination campaign in Kasese had it been conducted shortly after the outbreak was identified. However, the incidence of disease used in the present analyses is similar to other values published for East Africa and South Asia, making the analyses generalizable to other high incidence countries [20]. Theoretically, some of the impact of vaccination may be offset by acquired immunity in the absence of vaccination, a factor we did not account for in this analysis.…”

Section: Itemsupporting

confidence: 52%

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Economic evaluation of typhoid vaccination in a prolonged typhoid outbreak setting: The case of Kasese district in Uganda

Carias

Wefula²,

Date

et al. 2015

Vaccine

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a b s t r a c tBackground: Vaccination has been increasingly promoted to help control epidemic and endemic typhoid fever in high-incidence areas. Despite growing recognition that typhoid incidence in some areas of subSaharan Africa is similar to high-incidence areas of Asia, no large-scale typhoid vaccination campaigns have been conducted there. We performed an economic evaluation of a hypothetical one-time, fixed-post typhoid vaccination campaign in Kasese, a rural district in Uganda where a large, multi-year outbreak of typhoid fever has been reported. Methods: We used medical cost and epidemiological data retrieved on-site and campaign costs from previous fixed-post vaccination campaigns in Kasese to account for costs from a public sector health care delivery perspective. We calculated program costs and averted disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and medical costs as a result of vaccination, to calculate the cost of the intervention per DALY and case averted. Results: Over the 3 years of projected vaccine efficacy, a one-time vaccination campaign was estimated to avert 1768 (90%CI: 684-4431) typhoid fever cases per year and a total of 3868 (90%CI: 1353-9807) DALYs over the duration of the immunity conferred by the vaccine. The cost of the intervention per DALY averted was US$ 484 (90%CI: 18-1292) and per case averted US$ 341 (90%CI: 13-883). Conclusion: We estimated the vaccination campaign in this setting to be highly cost-effective, according to WHO's cost-effective guidelines. Results may be applicable to other African settings with similar high disease incidence estimates.

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Section: Itemsupporting

confidence: 52%

“…To calculate number of deaths due to typhoid fever, typical values were used for the case fatality rate for typhoid patients without IP (0.6-2.1% across all age-groups) [2,20]. For typhoid patients with IP the case fatality rate considered was 17-22% across all age-groups, according to a recent review of the evidence [21].…”

Section: Epidemiological Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic evaluation of typhoid vaccination in a prolonged typhoid outbreak setting: The case of Kasese district in Uganda

Carias

Wefula²,

Date

et al. 2015

Vaccine

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“…Typhoid (enteric) fever caused by Salmonella typhi is an important cause of morbidity and mortality (Buckle et al, 2010;Mogasale et al, 2014). The situation is further complicated by increased incidence in some countries of S. Paratyphi A as a cause of enteric fever (Crump et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of WIDAL Positivity in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Hyderabad, Telangana-A Retrospective Study

Shyamala¹,

Rani²,

Rao³

2017

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci

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“…The endemic population in low and middle-income countries was about 5.6 billion, the risk-adjusted overall incidence was 214 per 100,000 individuals, and the risk-unadjusted overall incidence was 371 per 100,000 individuals in 2010. 1 In Indonesia, typhoid fever remains endemic. Estimated national prevalence is 1.6% (range: 0.3-3%), while West Java has a higher rate (2.14%).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validity of Immunoglobulin M Anti Salmonella typhi Serologic Test in Childhood Typhoid Fever

Marsela¹,

Setiabudi²,

Indrati³

2017

amj

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Background: Typhoid fever, which mostly affects children, remains a major health problem in developing countries. Early diagnosis will help the management and thus, reduce morbidity and mortality. However, a rapid diagnostic test that detects the presence of immunoglobulin M (IgM) directed towards Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) antigen remains controversial despite its popularity. This study was aimed to assess the validity of IgM anti S. typhi serologic test in childhood typhoid fever. Methods: This retrospective diagnostic test, used blood culture as gold standard. Forty-one typhoid fever children with fever of 1-14 days admitted to Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung from 2013 to 2015 were recruited. Diagnosis of typhoid fever is made clinically. Data were analyzed by Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve and diagnostic test. Results: Forty one children diagnosed with typhoid fever, 37 were positive for IgM anti S. typhi, but only 18 were positive for S. typhi in blood culture. IgM anti S. typhi (cut-off ≥4) test had an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 59%, sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 17.39%. IgM anti S. typhi with cut-off >8 showed the highest AUC with sensitivity of 55.56% and specificity of 73.68%. Conclusions: IgM anti S. typhi test of cut-off >8 performs better than cut-off ≥4 in terms of AUC..

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Burden of typhoid fever in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic, literature-based update with risk-factor adjustment

Cited by 493 publications

References 58 publications

Economic evaluation of typhoid vaccination in a prolonged typhoid outbreak setting: The case of Kasese district in Uganda

Economic evaluation of typhoid vaccination in a prolonged typhoid outbreak setting: The case of Kasese district in Uganda

Prevalence of WIDAL Positivity in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Hyderabad, Telangana-A Retrospective Study

Validity of Immunoglobulin M Anti Salmonella typhi Serologic Test in Childhood Typhoid Fever

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