Burden of whooping cough in China (PertussisChina): study protocol of a prospective, population-based case–control study

Abstract

IntroductionPertussis is one of the top 10 diseases of children under 10 years of age, and the few vaccine-preventable diseases who is on a rise in China in recent years; however, the true burden of pertussis, including age-stratified incidence and risk factors of severe sequelae, are under-recognised. We aim to estimate the health burden of laboratory-confirmed pertussis by age groups, considering the setting of illness onset (ie, in community, outpatient and inpatient), in a Chinese population (~2.23 million in total) at two sites.Methods and analysisThis paper describes the study design of a 1-year, prospective, age-stratified and population-based case–control study, including site selection, study population, case registry, ascertainment and enrolment, control recruitment, follow-up of case, microbiological methods, data collection, quality control activities and statistical methods used to generate incidence estimates. During June 2021 through May 2022, registry of suspected pertussis cases (namely chronic/persistent cough) will be conducted in several participating hospitals (SHs) at the two sites, which are selected based on Healthcare Utilisation and Attitudes Surveys (HUAS) carried out before study initiation. A case–control study will be conducted in the SHs and we aim to enrol a total of 1000 suspected pertussis cases (ie, all hospital admissions and the first 1–3 outpatient visits each week each hospital) and 2000 frequency matched healthy controls in community. Our primary study outcome, the laboratory-confirmed Bordetella pertussis infection, will be determined by a comprehensive laboratory methods and procedures (ie, culture, PCR and serological tests) in both cases and controls at enrolment and during 60-day’s follow-up visits. Finally, data from HUAS (ie, population size), case registry (ie, the total number of suspected pertussis cases) and case–control study (ie, the prevalence or population attributable fraction of Bordetella pertussis) will be combined to calculate incidence and its 95% CI through bootstrap method. Epidemiological analyses will be conducted to determine the risk factors associated with severe sequelae of pertussis.Ethics and disseminationThis study has been approved by Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention’s Institutional Review Board (no. ICDC-202110). Results will be disseminated via academic presentations and publication in peer-reviewed journals, and will provide valuable scientific data and some new insights into the incidence, aetiology and risk factors for severe sequelae of pertussis to academic societies and the public health authorities who is currently struggling and fighting against this burdensome disease worldwide.

The decline in immunity and circulation of pertussis among Chinese population during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional sero-epidemiological study

“…Furthermore, the disease burden of pertussis in China may be underestimated, especially in older children, adolescents, and adults, due to limitations in laboratory testing techniques and lack of awareness of clinician to diagnose and report pertussis cases. [6] .…”