Burial Practices at Titriş Höyük, Turkey: An Interpretation

Direct effects of FGF21 on glucose uptake in human skeletal muscle: implications for type 2 diabetes and obesity

“…On the other hand, perimortem traumas occurring on the skull by blunt and sharp weapons are a direct indication of violent conflict, warfare or massacre (Willey, 1990; Milner et al ., 1991; Lambert, 1997; Larsen, 1997; Lovell, 1997; Walker, 1997, 2001; Judd, 2004; Owens, 2007). It can be presumed that these attacks were carried out to kill the individual in the first place since the majority of such injuries are seen on the skulls (Walker, 1989; Novak, 2000; Standen & Arriaza, 2000; Jurmain, 2001; Weber & Czarnetzki, 2001; Judd, 2004; Owens, 2007) or second area after the thorax region (Jurmain et al ., 2009).…”

“…This would have been caused by both climatic change and human over‐exploitation of an inherently fragile landscape (Algaze & Pournelle, 2003). Violence over diminishing subsistence resources is well attested in the anthropological literature (Walker, 1989; Lambert, 1997; Larsen, 1997:106–150; Torres‐Rouff & Junqueira, 2006; Jurmain et al ., 2009). For instance, it has been argued that the injuries encountered on Indians of the Santa Barbara Channel area (19th century AD) stemmed from confrontations over resources in that harsh environment (Walker, 1989).…”

“…It has been hypothesised that trauma can be seen as a proxy for cultural reactions against corruption in the political structure of a population and that it can be interpreted as a negative effect of population increase or decrease and resource stress (Walker, 1989; Lambert, 1997; Larsen, 1997:106–150). Like other areas of the world, Anatolia experienced important ecological change throughout the Holocene, as populations in the area made the transition first to sedentary life in the Neolithic Period (ca.…”

8 A Family Affair: The Use of Intramural Funerary Chambers in Mesopotamia during the Late Third and Early Second Millennia B.C.E.

“…The increasing interest in the study of residential burials is demonstrated not only by this edited volume but also by other recent publications that interpret the disposal of the dead within houses or city limits of ancient societies (Bartoloni 2008; Gillespie 2001; Hodder and Cessford 2004; Kuijt 2001; Laneri 2007a; Lull 2000; McAnany 1995). However, the focus of these funerary studies as well as those concentrated on the analysis of more “traditional” extramural funerary depositions has been on specific burial customs rather than the dynamic processes encountered when dealing with socioeconomic reasons for changes in burial practices.…”

“…A main feature of this period's private dwellings is the frequent occurrence of residential funerary depositions, which appear to be fundamental for understanding the socioeconomic importance gained by specific segments of Mesopotamian communities in this chronological phase (Laneri 2007a). These residential funerary depositions can vary in type and mostly consist of large constructed funerary chambers, simple pits, pithoi or clay coffins, and, for the subadults, urns or cooking pots placed as subfloor interments.…”