“…At the depth of 207–215 cm, we found a soil dating back to the Allerød period, the most ancient paleosol in the floodplain setting on the Russian Plain; this was designated as Soil 7. A detailed description of the soil profile is given in the Alexandrovskiy et al (2016). Figure 2Stratigraphy of paleosols in selected study sites.…”
Seven main periods of soil formation can be distinguished in the floodplain of the Moskva (Moscow) River, with the oldest paleosols dated to the Allerød age. We analyzed paleosols buried under alluvial deposits, colluvial sediments, and archaeological deposits within the catchment area of the Moskva River. Paleopedological reconstructions were correlated with the results of the pedoanthracological and palynological analyses. Series of radiocarbon (14C) dates were obtained on humic acids and dispersed macro-charcoal from paleosols and archaeological features. Wide time frames of the floodplain paleosol formation were determined at a 95% probability as 14,600–12,600 cal BP for Soil 7; 9500–7000 cal BP for Soils 6 and 5; 6700–5500 cal BP for Soil 4; 5000–4400 cal BP for Soil 3b; 4100–2700 cal BP for Soil 3a; and 2000–700 cal BP for Soil 2. The dates were compared with the age of archaeological sites from the same areas. The comparison revealed a close correspondence between the ages of the soil charcoal and the timing of archaeological occupations. That allowed us to conclude that the fire occurrence on a regional level was associated mainly with the human occupation. The fire record is especially pronounced in floodplain paleosols, due to both the role of rivers as human migration corridors, and the integral accumulation of combustion products from the entire catchment area in these paleosols.
“…At the depth of 207–215 cm, we found a soil dating back to the Allerød period, the most ancient paleosol in the floodplain setting on the Russian Plain; this was designated as Soil 7. A detailed description of the soil profile is given in the Alexandrovskiy et al (2016). Figure 2Stratigraphy of paleosols in selected study sites.…”
Seven main periods of soil formation can be distinguished in the floodplain of the Moskva (Moscow) River, with the oldest paleosols dated to the Allerød age. We analyzed paleosols buried under alluvial deposits, colluvial sediments, and archaeological deposits within the catchment area of the Moskva River. Paleopedological reconstructions were correlated with the results of the pedoanthracological and palynological analyses. Series of radiocarbon (14C) dates were obtained on humic acids and dispersed macro-charcoal from paleosols and archaeological features. Wide time frames of the floodplain paleosol formation were determined at a 95% probability as 14,600–12,600 cal BP for Soil 7; 9500–7000 cal BP for Soils 6 and 5; 6700–5500 cal BP for Soil 4; 5000–4400 cal BP for Soil 3b; 4100–2700 cal BP for Soil 3a; and 2000–700 cal BP for Soil 2. The dates were compared with the age of archaeological sites from the same areas. The comparison revealed a close correspondence between the ages of the soil charcoal and the timing of archaeological occupations. That allowed us to conclude that the fire occurrence on a regional level was associated mainly with the human occupation. The fire record is especially pronounced in floodplain paleosols, due to both the role of rivers as human migration corridors, and the integral accumulation of combustion products from the entire catchment area in these paleosols.
“…Paleokrotovinas are important indicative features making it possible to characterize the conditions of pedogenesis [93]. In some cases, in soils with the SHH, there are krotovinas left by mole rats or other steppe earth burrowers [67]. These krotovinas are large and deep, which is typical for the soils of the steppe zone regions [94].…”
Section: Modern Properties Of the Shhmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Such buried paleosols make it possible to study the original soil profile in its entirety, as well as to obtain dates that are less distorted. At a great depth of burial of such soils, the original morphological and physicochemical properties, charcoal, and pollen are usually well preserved [67,83,86].…”
Section: Initial Soils-prototypes Of the Shhmentioning
The genesis of soils with the second humus horizon (SHH)-the most striking relict feature in the profiles of soddy-podzolic (Retisols) and gray (forest) soils (Luvisols)-is discussed. The Middle Holocene radiocarbon age of the SHH, its dark color, and the discrepancy of its properties and the properties of modern humus horizons of forest soils have specified the main issues in the study of SHH: the character of climate changes and shifts of the boundaries of natural zones in the Holocene and the reflection of these changes in the evolution of the soil profiles. We consider the history of studies, systematization, geographic distribution, and modern properties of the SHH. On the basis of the analysis of Holocene paleosols, we try to characterize the prototype of the SHH, to estimate its age, and to trace stages of its development in the Holocene. We have also tried to find analogous soils with the SHH outside of Russia. According to the accepted hypothesis, SHHs are residual paleoclimatogenic formations. Other hypotheses consider them as buried horizons, a result of paleohydromorphism, etc. Dark humic substances of SHHs were formed in the first half of the Holocene and are characterized by extremely high stability. This allows them to survive in the aggressive environment of the eluvial horizons of Retisols and Luvisols. Under the influence of biochemical and mechanical (tree uprooting) factors, SHHs are strongly transformed, which complicates their study. At the same time, well-preserved Chernozems and darkcolored Phaeozems buried under kurgans and other earthy structures and sediments make it possible to establish the prototype of the SHH and to trace its degradation in the late Holocene. Within the East European Plain, the thickness and age of the SHH vary in agreement with the hypothesis of the residual paleoclimatogenic genesis of this horizon. The validity of the hypotheses of the buried nature and hydrogenic origin of the SHH is discussed. At present, interest in soils with the SHH in Russia has somewhat weakened. In Central Europe and North America, soils with the SHH have not been studied, but research into the problem of relict chernozems is being actively pursued. In our opinion, the combination of these two types of objects and, accordingly, the directions of research can lead to more definite conclusions about the origin and evolution of soils with the SHH.
“…Серия погребенных почв (рис. 2), выявленных в аллювиальных отложениях Москвы-реки датируется интервалом от атлантического до субатлантического периодов (Alexandrovskiy, Krenke, 2004;Ershova et al, 2016). Наибольшую мощность и развитый профиль имеет погребенная почва № 4 (считая сверху).…”
Section: геоморфологический фонunclassified
“…Ее гумусовый горизонт имеет темно-серый цвет. Данная почва определяется специалистами как «черноземовидная» или даже чернозем (Alexandrovskiy et al, 2016). Залегает она лишь немного выше современного уреза воды в Москве-реке.…”
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