Burning characteristics of selected substances: production of heat, smoke and chemical species

Confinement of fire-induced smoke and carbon monoxide transportation by air curtain in channels

“…Statistics have shown [1] that smoke and toxic gases, such as carbon monoxide, are the most fatal factor in fires, and about 85% of people killed in building fires were killed by toxic smoke. The smoke particle lowers down the visibility range in the space resulting in that the people cannot find the way to escape out.…”

Bench-scale assessment of combustion toxicity—A critical analysis of current protocols

“…It is notable that the controlled atmosphere cone shows higher CO yields in well-ventilated conditions and, crucially, lower CO yields in under-ventilated conditions. Attempts have been reported [67] to correct the calculation of equivalence ratio from the controlled atmosphere cone.…”

Combustion products generated by hetero-organic fuels on four different fire test scales

“…The gas concentrations were measured in the exhaust duct and thus they could be influenced by the combustion outside the cone calorimeter enclosure. An attempt to take this into account is presented in [36]. The DIN furnace is a small fairly easy to run equipment but it has its shortcomings since it is difficult to determine the fuel mass loss rate.…”