Business Bribery Risk Assessment

Abstract

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Weakening political connections by means of regulatory reform: Evidence from contracting out water services in Spain

“…In the case of Spain, these reforms were in the public interest, intended to erode connections between political parties and firms. Our results were indeed consistent with perceptions of corruption shown by indicators developed by Transparency International (Transparency International, 2014) and the RAND Corporation (Stanley et al, 2014). Improving the regulation of political parties' funding, as well as delivering faster and tougher sanctions in proven cases of corruption, could further reduce the temptation to engage in illegal practices.…”

“…Besides, an additional problem is the difficulty faced by the judiciary in obtaining evidence of malpractice, and the lengthy judicial processes. An index recently developed by the RAND Corporation (Stanley et al, 2014) assesses aspects such as the expectation of bribes and antibribery laws, and ranks Spain as one of the developed countries with the highest risk of bribery.…”