Business incubators as international knowledge intermediaries: Exploring their role in the internationalization of start-ups from an emerging market

Innovation Elements, Incubation Capacity, and Incubation Performance in Biomedical Incubation Platforms: Moderating Role of Customized Services

“…The incubation network environment is specifically subdivided into government policy support, external capital investment, organizational and cultural atmosphere, infrastructure environment, and incubation network scale. Sun and Li ( 20 ) point out that network size reflects the richness of resource elements and that the growth of network size will prompt the incubation platform to improve its self-incubation capacity, thereby enhancing the market discourse and innovation incubation performance of the incubation platform ( 18 ). Zhao et al argue that incubation platform networks break the traditional organizational boundaries and geographical restrictions by building new information service platforms and various incubation public service platforms to help incubatees integrate various innovation resources and realize the integration and distribution of incubation resources, thereby improving incubation performance ( 20 ).…”

“…Sun and Li ( 20 ) point out that network size reflects the richness of resource elements and that the growth of network size will prompt the incubation platform to improve its self-incubation capacity, thereby enhancing the market discourse and innovation incubation performance of the incubation platform ( 18 ). Zhao et al argue that incubation platform networks break the traditional organizational boundaries and geographical restrictions by building new information service platforms and various incubation public service platforms to help incubatees integrate various innovation resources and realize the integration and distribution of incubation resources, thereby improving incubation performance ( 20 ). Gao et al argue that incubation platforms provide incubatees with an effective mechanism to create, complement, and eventually commercialize proprietary knowledge through customer interface (supply side of innovation) and market interface (demand side of innovation) activities, connecting and leveraging international networks of knowledge creation and knowledge application, and breaking the boundaries of interorganizational and international knowledge flows ( 21 ).…”

Worldwide Innovation and Technology Environments: Research and Future Trends Involving Open Innovation

“…From the graphical representation, it is easy to visualize that China and the United States emerge as the major players in the research related to international innovation environments. On the one hand, China, increasingly encourages entrepreneurship and innovation in different research areas; therefore, Chinese business incubators are expanding rapidly [60,61]. With this incentive, the generation of research in innovation and technology projects occurs, even at an international level [62][63][64].…”

“…With this incentive, the generation of research in innovation and technology projects occurs, even at an international level [62][63][64]. In this way, innovation environments have become an important element of China's entrepreneurial ecosystem to support startup customers as a key component of social and economic development [60,65]. The United States, in turn, pioneered the creation of a science and technology park, the Cummings Research Park, whose main objective is to be a collaborative and connected environment [66].…”

“…The innovation and technology environments, aside from potentiating open innovation in different areas, also create a collaborative network between universities and companies [64]. Countries that have public policies focused on open innovation, with environments dedicated to research and development stand out more than others, such as China and the United States [60,61,63]. The development of open innovation in innovation environments also contributes to public policies, creating a competitive identity for countries and potentiating the development of emerging technologies [70,71].…”