“…IE 4.0 applications have enabled globally operational SMEs to respond to the changing product demands and increasing pressure of customization in complex products and services (Philbin et al, 2022;Paiola et al, 2022; I4.0 technologies in manufacturing SMEs Strange et al, 2022). The advanced applications of IE 4.0 can optimize cost, creates value, ameliorate business sustainability and transform SMEs operations into smart manufacturing (da Rocha et al, 2022;Javaid et al, 2022;Sahoo and Lo, 2022). Aside, digital technologies carry the tremendous potential to develop an innovative environment for SMEs, for example, a cyber-physical system (CPS) can enable SMEs to use digital machines for gathering and communicating information on a real-time basis through IE 4.0 tools and can enhance the life cycle of manufactured products and help SMEs to create added value for themselves (Sassanelli and Terzi, 2022;Mofolasayo et al, 2022;Napoleone et al, 2022;Ruben et al, 2018).…”