"But you don't look Puerto Rican": The moderating effect of ethnic identity on the relation between skin color and self-esteem among Puerto Rican women.

Abstract

This exploratory study investigated whether ethnic identity, as assessed by Phinney's (1992) Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure, functioned as a moderator in the relation between skin color (as measured by masked interviewer evaluation, participant self-report, and skin reflectance data) and self-esteem (as measured by Rosenberg's 1989 Self-Esteem Scale). In a sample of 53 English-speaking Puerto Rican women, a hierarchical multiple regression indicated that among lighter skinned women, those who felt less attached to their culture had less self-esteem than those who were more culturally embedded. Similarly, among darker skinned women, greater attachment to Puerto Rican culture was associated with greater self-esteem than a less defined ethnic identity. Findings are discussed in light of the beneficial effects of ethnic identity.

Ethnic Identity and Major Depression in Asian American Subgroups Nationwide: Differential Findings in Relation to Subcultural Contexts

“…We also observed varying associations of religious attendance and social support with MDD across subgroups, extending previous studies on all AAs (Ai, Huang, et al., 2013, Nicdao et al., ; Tummala‐Narra et al., ; Xu & Chi, ). Echoing Sue et al's () call for investigating AA heterogeneity, our findings reveal a more complex picture of AA REI, compared with the existing evidence on the overall protection of other racial and ethnic minorities (Carter & Reynolds, ; Forsyth & Carter, ; Lopez, ; Noh et al., ).…”

Intercultural Dating at Predominantly White Universities in the United States: The Maintenance and Crossing of Group Borders

“…Research shows that those who regularly have intercultural relationships are different from and have a different experience than those who have done so occasionally [38]. In addition, the skin tone analyses are limited by the subjectivity of the ratings, which has been shown to vary based on interviewer characteristics [58]. Skin tone is also only one aspect of phenotype, which limits our examination of the association between being stereotypically and prototypically Black, and dating experiences.…”

Perceived Discrimination and Antisocial Behaviors in Puerto Rican Children

“…Additionally, we hypothesize that the association between perceived discrimination may be a more robust cultural strain for Puerto Rican children living in the continental U.S., rather than Puerto Rico, since previous studies have noted high rates of self-perceived discrimination among American-born Latinos (14). Additionally, perceived discrimination might be less of a stressor for Island Puerto Ricans because this group does not have to confront or reaffirm their ethnic identity as much as those in the continental U.S. (38). …”