Buttermilk Based Cobalt Phthalocyanine Dispersed Ferricyanide Mediated Amperometric Biosensor for the Determination of Xanthine

Abstract

A tissue‐based amperometric biosensor for xanthine determination has been developed. The biosensor uses a carbon paste electrode (CPE) which contains buttermilk (BTM) as source of xanthine oxidase (XOD) (EC.1.1.3.2.2.) and cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) as mediator. The system is also mediated with ferricyanide in solution to obtain a double‐mediated biosensor. The effect of various variables upon the response was studied. Linearity was observed over the concentration range of 1–15 mM xanthine. The optimum operational pH range for the electrode is 8.0–9.0. Reproducibility was studied and a relative standard deviation (rsd) of 10.26 % was found. After 60 days the normalized response of the BTM‐modified electrode was 60 % of the first day.

Sensitive and selective xanthine amperometric sensors based on calcium carbonate nanoparticles

“…XnOx-based electrochemical biosensors have been frequently used for the determination of xanthine [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Compared with other analytical techniques, such sensors possess simplicity of operation and the substrate selectivity of the enzymes.…”

Mediated xanthine oxidase potentiometric biosensors for hypoxanthine based on ferrocene carboxylic acid modified electrode

“…The optimum mediator concentration is 50 mM and there was no further increase in analytical signal beyond this value. The optimum concentration is about the same as obtained for Fc by Kilinc et al (1998). The Hx in the bulk of solution reaches the enzyme layer and electrode reactions that are involved may be written as follows:…”

“…These include immobilisation of XOD in graphite, carbon paste (Wang & Tong, 2010), nylon mesh with glutaraldehyde (GLA), covalent attachment to cellulose acetate membrane (Watanabe, Ando, Karube, Matsuoka, & Suzuki, 1983;Watanabe, Tokimatsu, et al, 1984), nylon mesh (Mao, Jin, Song, Yamamator, & Jin, 1999;Moody, Sanghera, & Thomas, 1987) on platinum and carbon paste electrodes (Yao, 1993). Cross-linking with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and GLA is the most commonly used method for the development of an amperometric and potentiometric Hx biosensor because of its ability to improve the stability of immobilisation (Kilinc, Edrdem, Gokgunnec, Dalbasti, & Karaoglan, 1998;Mao et al, 1999;Moody et al, 1987;Okuma, Takashi, Sekimukai, Kawahara, & Akahoshi, 1991;Watanabe, Nagumo, Hoshi, Conagaya, & Tanaka, 1987;Yao, 1993) of any mediator. Nafion coating has also been used to immobilise Hx and improve the selectivity of the electrode (Bojinov, 2006).…”

“…Mediators such as methylviologen (Sampath & Lev, 1996), hexacyanoferrate, potassium ferricayanide (Lawal & Adeloju, 2010) hydroxylmethylferrocene (Kilinc et al, 1998), benzyl viologen, methyl vilogenhydroxymethyl ferrcene, and colbaltphalcyamine were co-immobilised or added to the test solution to enhance sensitivity and selectivity of the detection of Hx. Amperometric-mediated biosensors have often been successfully used for the detection of hypoxanthine and xanthine (Amine, Kauffmannn, & Palleschi, 1993;Mulchandani et al, 1989aMulchandani et al, , 1989bRehak, Snejdarkova, & Otto, 1994), while very few of potentiometric-mediated biosensor have been produced (Lawal & Adeloju, 2010).…”

Electrochemical xanthine biosensor based on zinc oxide nanoparticles‒multiwalled carbon nanotubes‒1,4-benzoquinone composite

“…High potentials used for the electrooxidation of H2O2 make the electrode sensitive to common interferences. The use of artificial electron transfer mediators including Prussian blue, colloidal gold, ferrocene and its derivatives, cobalt phthalocyanine and ferricyanide to eliminate the influence of interferences is a common approach in xanthine enzyme electrodes (15,16,17,18).…”