“…Racette and Raynauld (1994) and Raynauld (1988) use VARs to compare Canadian regional responses to exogenous changes in the U.S. economy, but they focus only on employment shocks rather than specifically examining the response to monetary policy. Debendictus (1997) uses a VAR to analyze Canadian regional activity but focuses solely on British Columbia and only includes Canadian variables in the model.…”
“…Racette and Raynauld (1994) and Raynauld (1988) use VARs to compare Canadian regional responses to exogenous changes in the U.S. economy, but they focus only on employment shocks rather than specifically examining the response to monetary policy. Debendictus (1997) uses a VAR to analyze Canadian regional activity but focuses solely on British Columbia and only includes Canadian variables in the model.…”
“…In this case, the coefficients are assumed to evolve according to a stochastic dynamics and the model is given a statespace representation that can be estimated using the Kalman filter methodology. Under the conditions of linear measurement and transition equations and of Gaussian noises, the Kalman filter represents a Bayesian process of revision of parameters as new information is available (Doan et al, 1984;Racette and Raynauld, 1994). This approach is consistent with the ERET, according to which changes in the cost/aversion ratio allow forecasters to revise the amount of information of each type and therefore to choose the appropriate trading rule.…”
we first show that expectations fail the conventional tests of unbiasedness and do not exhibit a learning process towards rationality. Our approach is consistent with the economically rational expectations theory (Feige and Pearce, 1976), which states that information costs and agents' aversion to misestimating future exchange rates determine the optimal amounts of information on which they base their expectations. The time variability of the cost/aversion ratios justifies at the aggregate level a representation of expectations as a linear combination of the traditional extrapolative, adaptive and regressive processes augmented by a forward market component, whose parameters are allowed to change over time. This mixed expectation model with unstable heterogeneity is validated by our Kalman filter estimation results for the two currencies and the two horizons considered. Although the relative importance of the 'fundamentalists' ('chartists') is found to increase (decrease) with the time-horizon, chartist behaviour appears to dominate fundamentalist behaviour for both horizons. Central bank intervention is then effective in stabilizing the foreign exchange markets if it encourages fundamentalist activity.
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