BVDV in British alpacas

Abstract

BVDV in British alpacas * Heart and brain, † Stomach, intestine, lung and brain RT-PCR Reverse transcriptase-PCR, IHC Immunohistochemistry, NSLD No significant lesions detected, MNGM Multifocal necrotising granulomatous myocarditis, NSNM Non-suppurative necrotising meningoencephalitis, NSNE Non-suppurative necrotising encephalitis

Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Hemolymphatic Systems

“…[137][138][139] Similar evidence came later from England. [140][141][142] All typed isolates from these outbreaks are type 1, with the majority further defined as type 1b. Marked genetic homogeneity is seen among most of the U.S. isolates, as well as evidence for some distinct strains, but no link between North American and British outbreaks.…”

“…The unintentional introduction of persistently infected animals into a herd has been surmised to be the cause of several outbreaks. 137,140,145 Virus isolation or PCR on whole blood are the most common tests, with PCR usually preferable because of faster turn-around times and less danger of sample mishandling. False-negative results on these tests have arisen from true neonates, in which maternal antibody is thought to interfere for up to 12 weeks, particularly with virus isolation.…”

“…Reports suggest that acute infections may be caused by a variety of types of BVD virus, but that all persistent infections stem from type 1b infections. 140,143,147 Possibly, only BVD type 1b is able to cross the camelid placenta. Some transmission may occur between camelids, but infections by distinct strains in North America and apparently independent development of infections in England stress the likelihood that novel cross-over events are likely to continue wherever camelids are in contact with ruminants or possibly cervids.…”

Knowledge gaps impacting the development of bovine viral diarrhea virus control programs in the United States

“…Although serologic evidence indicated exposure of NWCs to BVDV, prevalence of the virus in NWC populations appeared to be low, and no clinical disease was associated with exposure. 24,[88][89][90][91] On the basis of those reports, it became evident that some strains of BVDV readily infected alpacas, that those strains were transmitted among alpacas, and that PI alpacas could be a vector for introduction of BVDV into naïve alpaca herds. 86 It was thought that NWCs were resistant to BVDV infection or that if BVDV infections did develop in NWCs, they were rare and resulted from contact with cattle with little or no transmission of virus among NWCs.…”

Discovery of a Bovine Enterovirus in Alpaca

“…Previously reported viral infections in domestic alpaca include adenovirus, equine viral arteritis virus, rabies, bluetongue virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, influenza A virus, rotavirus, orf virus, bovine papillomavirus, vesicular stomatitis virus, coronavirus, bovine parainfluenza-3 virus, West Nile virus, equine herpesvirus-1 [1,3,4] and bovine viral diarrhea virus [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Bovine enteroviruses (BEV) have not previously been reported to infect alpaca.…”