By-Side Impurities in Chloronaphthalene Mixtures of the Halowax Series: All 75 Chlorodibenzo-<i>p</i>-Dioxins

Noma, Yukio; Minetomatsu, Katsuhide; Falandysz, Jerzy; Swietojańska, A.; Flisak, M.; Miyaji, K.; Sakai, Shin-ichi

doi:10.1081/ese-200033581

Cited by 23 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…[29] Off theoretically possible 135 congeners of chlorodibenzofuran 125 could be quantified in the Halowaxes but 45 co-eluted under the GC conditions applied ( Table 2). [29] Off theoretically possible 135 congeners of chlorodibenzofuran 125 could be quantified in the Halowaxes but 45 co-eluted under the GC conditions applied ( Table 2).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…That finding apparently indicated on elevated to some degree yield of these by-side synthesized compounds during termination of the technical CN synthesis, what coupled with ongoing increase in parallel also of the reaction temperature and pressure applied. [29] Nevertheless, chlorophenols are also by-side formed, co-occur and can be involved via condensation reactions to formation both of CDFs and CDDs in manufactured technical Halowax formulations. [29] Nevertheless, chlorophenols are also by-side formed, co-occur and can be involved via condensation reactions to formation both of CDFs and CDDs in manufactured technical Halowax formulations.…”

Section: Mono-through Trichlorodibenzofuransmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[31] That phenomenon was much less marked for the by-side produced TeCDDs found in the Halowax formulations. [3,26,29,32] Downloaded by [Case Western Reserve University] at 02:18 02 December 2014 [3,26,29,32] Downloaded by [Case Western Reserve University] at 02:18 02 December 2014…”

Section: Mono-through Trichlorodibenzofuransmentioning

confidence: 99%

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By-Side Impurities in Chloronaphthalene Mixtures of the Halowax Series: All 135 Chlorodibenzofurans

Noma

Minetomatsu

Falandysz

et al. 2005

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A

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One hundred twenty five congeners of CDF off 135 theoretically possible were quantified in seven of various type Halowax formulations but still 45 co-eluted under the gas chromatographic conditions applied. The total CDFs concentration of Halowax formulations was between 250 and 16,000 ng/g. The compositional profile of CDF homologue groups of the Halowaxes frequently followed a degree of chlorination of the parent chloronaphthalene mixture and an exception was Halowax 1031. The compositional profile of many isomers of trichlorodibenzofuran, found and often highly abundant, was characteristic to majority of the formulations examined, and each of them demonstrated to have its own pattern but mysterious to explain remained Halowax 1031. In term of dioxin-like toxicity the most potent due to CDFs content was Halowax 1014 with 210 ng TCDD TEQ/g and next was Halowax 1013 with 36 ng TEQ/g, while between 1.3 and 5.0 ng TEQ/g were for other formulations. A tentative estimation made implies that the net total CDFs production due to manufacture of the technical CNs in the XX century could reach an amount between 420 kg (median) and 825 kg (mean), and for most toxic dioxin-like congeners between 705 g (median) and 5700 g (mean) TCDD TEQ, while for the worst case of Halowax 1014 alone scenario it could be 750 kg of the total CDFs and 16 kg of TCDD TEQ for most toxic congeners.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mono-through Trichlorodibenzofuransmentioning

confidence: 99%

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By-Side Impurities in Chloronaphthalene Mixtures of the Halowax Series: All 135 Chlorodibenzofurans

Noma

Minetomatsu

Falandysz

et al. 2005

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A

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“…[1,2] Chlorofen is highly chlorinated type of technical chlorobiphenyl mixture and has an appearance of a light-to-dark-brown sticky and viscous resin. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Hence, a detailed knowledge on composition and content of toxic and persistent constituents of these mixtures is substantial to understand their effects and environmental fate but also for inventory, sources identification and monitoring purposes. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10] An original chlorobiphenyl and chloronaphthalene formulations become a diffuse type source of the environmental pollution both with a parent compounds but also a by-side contaminants including at least chemicals such as CBs, CNs, CDFs, CDDs, chlorobenzenes (CBzs), and chlorophenols (CPhs).…”

Section: Highly Toxic Chlorobiphenyl and By-side Impurities Content Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Toxic Chlorobiphenyl and By-Side Impurities Content and Composition of Technical Chlorofen Formulation

Falandysz¹,

Taniyasu²,

Flisak³

et al. 2004

J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng

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Non- and mono-ortho CBs as well as also highly toxic by-side impurities such as chlorodibenzofurans, chlorodibenzo-p-dioxins, and chloronaphthalenes after a subsequent 2D-HPLC and HRGC-HRMS separation, detection, and identification were quantified in technical chlorobiphenyl Chlorofen formulation. Chlorofen is highly chlorinated CB mixture and its compositional profile of mono-ortho CBs is occupied by 2,3,3',4,4',5'-HxCB (no. 157) with 96.6% and followed by 2,3,3',4,4',5-HxCB (no. 156) with 3.3% and 2,3',4,4',5,5'-HxCB (no. 167) with <0.1%, while nos. 105, 114, 118, 123, and 189 remained undetected (<10 microg/g). Amongst non-ortho CBs only a trace of 3,3',4,4'-TeCB (no. 77) was found at 15 microg/g, while CBs nos. 81, 126, and 169 were absent. TCDD TEQ for mono- and non-ortho CBs in Chlorofen was 2320 and 1.5 ng/g, respectively, while for CDFs and CNs were 45 and 731 ng/g, respectively, and for both types of contaminants most contributing were OcCDF and OcCN. No tetra- to OcCDD was found in Chlorofen.

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“…[1] It has been clarified recently that technical chloronaphthalene Halowax formulations, which were precursors to chlorobiphenyl mixtures, are contaminated with numerous by-side chemicals including chlorobenzenes (CBzs), chlorophenols (CPhs), chlorodibenzofurans (CDFs), chlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs), and CBs. [2][3][4][5][6] Apart from resistance to degradation and highly toxic CDD/Fs or planar CBs also chlorobenzenes and chlorophenols are environmentally relevant pollutants. [2,3,[7][8][9][10][11][12] In this study a full qualitative and quantitative characteristic were elucidated of 12 chlorobenzene and 19 chlorophenol congeners theoretically possible that contaminate relatively highly chlorinated technical CB formulations of Aroclor 1268 (USA), Chlorofen (Poland), and Kanechlor 600 (Japan), as well as Clophen T 64 (Germany) and Kanechlor 1000 (Japan).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

By-Side Chlorobenzenes and Chlorophenols in Technical Chlorobiphenyl Formulations of Aroclor 1268, Chlorofen, Clophen T 64, Kanechlor 600, and Kanechlor 1000

Noma

Yamamoto

Falandysz

et al. 2006

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A

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All 19 possible chlorophenol (CPh) and 12 chlorobenzene (CBz) congeners as potential impurities or additive were quantified in a relatively highly chlorinated type of technical chlorobiphenyl (CB) mixtures of Aroclor 1268, Chlorofen, Clophen T 64, Kanechlor 600, and Kanechlor 1000 using isotope dilution technique and HRGC/HRMS. The total CBzs content of Aroclor 1268, Chlorofen and Clophen T 64, Kanechlor 600, and Kanechlor 1000 was 0.039, 0.5, 230, 0.068, and 400 mg/g, respectively, while of CPhs was < 0.007, 0.48, 10, 0.093, and 0.98 microg/g. All 12 congeners of chlorobenzene could be quantified in all the formulations examined, but their proportions varied largely. It seems that stockpiles of technical chlorobiphenyl formulations and hazardous wastes containing CBs, both with added and/or by-side CBzs are also a somehow forgotten source of environmental contamination with those environmentally relevant compounds. No CPhs were found in Aroclor 1268 (< 7 ng/g). 2-MoCPh, 2,6-DiCPh, 3,5-DiCPh, 3,4,5-TrCPh, and 2,3,4,5,6-PeCPh were absent (< 1- < 20 ng/g) in Chlorofen and Clophen T 64, while other chlorophenol congeners were found at concentration from 7.4 to 130 and from 9.9 to 8,800 ng/g, respectively. Then, 3- and 4-chlorophenol, which co-eluted, were main contributors (88%) to the total CPhs content of Clophen T 64, while 2,3,4,6-TeCPh with 27% abundance was a major congener among CPhs in Chlorofen. Then, 2,4,6-TrCPh was the most abundant congener in Kanechlor 600, while 2,4,5-TrCPh was the most abundant congener in Kanechlor 1000.

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By-Side Impurities in Chloronaphthalene Mixtures of the Halowax Series: All 75 Chlorodibenzo-p-Dioxins

Cited by 23 publications

References 20 publications

By-Side Impurities in Chloronaphthalene Mixtures of the Halowax Series: All 135 Chlorodibenzofurans

By-Side Impurities in Chloronaphthalene Mixtures of the Halowax Series: All 135 Chlorodibenzofurans

Highly Toxic Chlorobiphenyl and By-Side Impurities Content and Composition of Technical Chlorofen Formulation

By-Side Chlorobenzenes and Chlorophenols in Technical Chlorobiphenyl Formulations of Aroclor 1268, Chlorofen, Clophen T 64, Kanechlor 600, and Kanechlor 1000

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