“…44 The important progress made by mathematics educators in clarifying the differences among emotions, attitudes, and beliefs, and between these and other related constructs such as anxiety, confidence, self-doubt, self-concept, or self-efficacy (see McLeod 1992), could provide an excellent starting point for statistics educators seeking to understand factors affecting their students' performance and learning. Further, the emerging literature on the role of non-cognitive factors in cognitive performance, including metacognitions, affect, and beliefs (Dweck 1986;Schoenfeld 1992), highlights the practical importance of attending to non-cognitive factors.…”