Bystander Performance During Simulated Drone Delivery of an Aed for Mock Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Starks, Monique Anderson; Blewer, Audrey L; Sharpe, Edward; Vleet, Lee Van; Riley, Jennie; Arnold, Evan; Slattery, Joseph; Joiner, Anjni; Buckland, Daniel M.; Ye, Jinny; Mark, Daniel B.

doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(20)30930-x

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…We believe our study has progressed the body of knowledge and technical understanding of the use of fixed wing drone to parachute deploy AED BVLOS in OHCA. We concur with others by recognising the need for further research, innovation and regulatory progress to determine their operational, economic, clinical and cost effectiveness when integrating into emergency medical and wider health care systems [ 26 , 27 ]. Studies on use of drones in OHCA continue to report that it is feasible and acceptable in a community setting, providing more timely access to early defibrillation [ 28 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

A simulation study of drone delivery of Automated External Defibrillator (AED) in Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) in the UK

Rees

Howitt²,

Breyley³

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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Background Drones are increasingly used in healthcare, and feasibility studies of deployment of Automated External Defibrillators (AED) in Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) have been conducted. Despite the potential contribution of drones to healthcare, regulatory barriers exist, including limits on flights beyond visual line-of-sight (BVLOS). The aim of this project was to deliver an AED BVLOS in Wales. Methods We developed of a Concept of Operations (CONOPS) to identify requirements, constraints, organisation and roles and responsibilities associated with deploying a drone to deliver an AED BVLOS. We equipped a Penguin B drone with satellite-enabled technology to enhance situational awareness and safety for the remote pilot. A BVLOS Operating Safety Case and three-week flight test programme was conducted with an AED attached directly to parachute for deployment to simulated OHCA. Results We completed six flights totalling 92km, 1:02.5 hours of flight time and four successful parachute payload drops. We conducted a successful end-to-end flight demonstration of an AED delivered via BVLOS by drone to a simulated OHCA and resuscitation by lay responder’s in a remote location; the final delivery of 4.5km was completed in 2:50 minutes. Conclusion We have delivered an AED by parachute, from fixed wing drone BVLOS in the UK in simulated OHCA. This project adds to the body of knowledge required for regulatory assurance on drone use BVLOS. Further research is needed before routine use of this technology.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

A simulation study of drone delivery of Automated External Defibrillator (AED) in Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) in the UK

Rees

Howitt²,

Breyley³

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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“…Four studies [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ] were conducted in Canada, one [ 24 ] in France, two [ 25 , 26 ] in Germany, five [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ] in Sweden, two [ 32 , 33 ] in the United Kingdom, one [ 34 ] in Ireland, one [ 35 ] in South Korea and 10 [ 18 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ] in the United States. These locations varied in geographic scale from counties and towns to entire cities and covered a broad range of urban and rural settings.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These locations varied in geographic scale from counties and towns to entire cities and covered a broad range of urban and rural settings. One study [ 41 ] was a prospective trial, two studies [ 22 , 42 ] had a purely qualitative design that involved interviews or focus group discussions, and the rest of the twenty-three studies were simulation studies. Publication years ranged from 2016 to 2021.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These studies all reported positive community attitudes to the delivery of AEDs via drones. Participants and key stakeholders alike perceived value in the potential advantages of this drone delivery system in reducing response times in OHCA events, especially in less accessible locations [ 26 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. However, some participants reported neutral feelings, uncertainty, and anxiety towards interacting with the drone, as well as safety concerns [ 44 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Role of Drones in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Scoping Review

Lim

Loh

Lam

et al. 2022

JCM

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Drones may be able to deliver automated external defibrillators (AEDs) directly to bystanders of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) events, improving survival outcomes by facilitating early defibrillation. We aimed to provide an overview of the available literature on the role and impact of drones in AED delivery in OHCA. We conducted this scoping review using the PRISMA-ScR and Arksey and O’Malley framework, and systematically searched five bibliographical databases (Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, PsychInfo and Scopus) from inception until February 28, 2022. After excluding duplicate articles, title/abstract screening followed by full text review was conducted by three independent authors. Data from the included articles were abstracted and analysed, with a focus on potential time savings of drone networks in delivering AEDs in OHCA, and factors that influence its implementation. Out of the 26 included studies, 23 conducted simulations or physical trials to optimise drone network configuration and evaluate time savings from drone delivery of AEDs, compared to the current emergency medical services (EMS), along with 1 prospective trial conducted in Sweden and 2 qualitative studies. Improvements in response times varied across the studies, with greater time savings in rural areas. However, emergency call to AED attachment time was not reduced in the sole prospective study and a South Korean study that accounted for weather and topography. With growing interest in drones and their potential use in AED delivery spurring new research in the field, our included studies demonstrate the potential advantages of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) network implementation in controlled environments to deliver AEDs faster than current EMS. However, for these time savings to translate to reduced times to defibrillation and improvement in OHCA outcomes, careful evaluation and addressing of real-world delays, challenges, and barriers to drone use in AED delivery is required.

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“…Different studies have experimented using mock AED drones in rural [40] and community [41], [42] settings to assess participant confidence in extracting the AED from the drone and using it with guidance. In all cases, most of the participants felt confident and had low or no safety concerns.…”

Section: Ethical and Societal Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Data-Driven Simulator for the Strategic Positioning of Aerial Ambulance Drones Reaching Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrests: A Genetic Algorithmic Approach

Mackle

Bond

Torney

et al. 2020

IEEE J. Transl. Eng. Health Med.

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Objective: The Internet of Things provide solutions for many societal challenges including the use of unmanned aerial vehicles to assist in emergency situations that are out of immediate reach for traditional emergency services. Out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) can result in death with less than 50% of victims receiving the necessary emergency care on time. The aim of this study is to link real world heterogenous datasets to build a system to determine the difference in emergency response times when having aerial ambulance drones available compared to response times when depending solely on traditional ambulance services and lay rescuers who would use nearby publicly accessible defibrillators to treat OHCA victims. Method: The system uses the geolocations of public accessible defibrillators and ambulance services along with the times when people are likely to have a cardiac arrest to calculate response times. For comparison, a Genetic Algorithm has been developed to determine the strategic number and positions of drone bases to optimize OHCA emergency response times. Conclusion: Implementation of a nationwide aerial drone network may see significant improvements in overall emergency response times for OHCA incidents. However, the expense of implementation must be considered.

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Bystander Performance During Simulated Drone Delivery of an Aed for Mock Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

A simulation study of drone delivery of Automated External Defibrillator (AED) in Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) in the UK

A simulation study of drone delivery of Automated External Defibrillator (AED) in Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) in the UK

The Role of Drones in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Scoping Review

A Data-Driven Simulator for the Strategic Positioning of Aerial Ambulance Drones Reaching Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrests: A Genetic Algorithmic Approach

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