We present the design of a folded waveguide traveling wave tube (TWT) periodically loaded by epsilon negative (ENG) metamaterial slabs. When a given folded waveguide slow-wave structure (SWS) is loaded with ENG metamaterials, its band diagram is shifted to higher frequencies. To shift the band diagram back to the desired (lower) frequency of operation, we scale up the structure's dimensions. This enlargement of the SWS, however, allows for increasing the beam tunnel diameter of the SWS for a given frequency of operation and also increases the interaction impedance of the TWT. Both of these physical phenomena can be exploited to increase the gain of the TWT for a given number of periods in the SWS and achieve a higher output power level. This concept is expected to be particularly useful at millimeter-wave frequencies where the beam diameter and current are usually limited by the small dimensions of the SWS thereby limiting the gain and total output power of millimeter-wave TWTs.
IntroductionThe growing need for high power sources at millimeterwave (MMW) frequencies has been motivated by a number of applications ranging from high-data rate communication systems to homeland security and radar applications [1]-[2]. Although solid state power amplifiers are relatively good candidates for high power generation in the S and C bands (2-8 GHz), e.g., 200 W at 2 GHz [3], their power gain performance rapidly deteriorates in the MMW range. Vacuum electronics amplifiers such as Traveling Wave Tubes (TWTs) have superior power and efficiency capabilities at MMW and THz regions compared to solid state power amplifiers. However, at these frequencies, the extremely small dimensions of the slow-wave structures (SWS) used in TWTs limits their maximum beam diameter and beam current and consequently their gain and total output power levels. Therefore, at these frequency bands, it is desirable to increase the size of the SWS of a TWT without decreasing the primary frequency band of operation of the SWS. This allows for increasing the beam diameter and total beam current of the TWT resulting in a higher gain and output power level.