C/EBP is an immediate-early gene required for the consolidation of long-term facilitation in Aplysia

Alberini, Cristina M.; Ghirardl, Mirella; Metz, R; Kandel, Eric R.

doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90386-7

Cited by 503 publications

(480 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Second, five training trials have been used in many in vivo and in vitro studies of nonassociative learning in Apl ysia (Kandel and Schwartz, 1982;Dale et al, 1987;Byrne et al, 1991;Kennedy et al, 1992;Kaang et al, 1993;Noel et al, 1993;Alberini et al, 1994). Thus, five reinforcements appear to be a reasonable approximation for the number of reinforcements that might induce contingent-dependent modulation.…”

Section: Contingent Reinforcement Enhanced the Frequency Of Buccal Momentioning

confidence: 99%

Contingent-Dependent Enhancement of Rhythmic Motor Patterns: AnIn VitroAnalog of Operant Conditioning

Nargeot¹,

Baxter²,

Byrne³

1997

J. Neurosci.

111

183

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Operant conditioning is characterized by the contingent reinforcement of a designated behavior. Previously, feeding behavior in Aplysia has been demonstrated to be modified by operant conditioning, and a neural pathway (esophageal nerve; E n.) that mediates some aspects of reinforcement has been identified. As a first step toward a cellular analysis of operant conditioning, we developed an in vitro buccal ganglia preparation that expressed the essential features of operant conditioning. Motor patterns that represented at least two different aspects of fictive feeding (i.e., ingestion-like and rejection-like motor patterns) were elicited by tonic stimulation of a peripheral buccal nerve (n.2,3). Three groups of preparations were examined. In a contingent-reinforcement group, stimulation of E n. was contingent on the expression of a specific type of motor pattern (i.e., either ingestion-like or rejection-like). In a yoke-control group, stimulation of E n. was not contingent on any specific pattern. In a control group, E n. was not stimulated. The frequency of the reinforced pattern increased significantly only in the contingent-reinforcement group. No changes were observed in nonreinforced patterns or in the motor patterns of the control and yoke-control groups. Contingent reinforcement of the ingestion-like pattern was associated with an enhancement of activity in motor neuron B8, and this enhancement was specific to the reinforced pattern. These results suggest that the isolated buccal ganglia expressed an essential feature of operant conditioning (i.e., contingent reinforcement modified a designated operant) and that this analog of operant conditioning is accessible to cellular analysis. Key words: buccal ganglia; Aplysia californica; central pattern generator; operant conditioning; learning and memory; contingent reinforcementOperant conditioning, which was introduced by Thorndike (1911), is an example of associative learning in which an association is established between a specific behavior (the operant) and a stimulus (the reinforcement). A key feature of operant conditioning is the contingency of the reinforcement (i.e., the correlation between the expression of a designated operant behavior and the delivery of a reinforcement; Skinner, 1938;Konorski, 1948). As a result of this contingency the frequency of the reinforced behavior is modified. This phenomenon, known as the "law of effect" (Thorndike, 1933), provided evidence that the nervous system has mechanisms by which a particular motor output can be selected from among many different behaviors that may be expressed.Rhythmic motor acts such as locomotion, feeding, respiration, and heart rate can be modified by operant conditioning (Skinner, 1938;Miller, 1969;Cook and C arew, 1986;Susswein et al., 1986;Jaeger et al., 1987; L ukowiak et al., 1996). It is believed generally that rhythmic motor acts are mediated by groups of neurons referred to as central pattern generators (C PGs;Delcomyn, 1980;Selverston and Moulins, 1985). C PGs are multif unctional netwo...

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Section: Contingent Reinforcement Enhanced the Frequency Of Buccal Momentioning

confidence: 99%

Contingent-Dependent Enhancement of Rhythmic Motor Patterns: AnIn VitroAnalog of Operant Conditioning

Nargeot¹,

Baxter²,

Byrne³

1997

J. Neurosci.

111

183

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“…NPY-induced facilitation of VDCCs suggests that a principal effect of NPY modulation might be regulation of Ca 2+ -dependent enzymes, in particular transcription factors (Alberini et al, 1994). L-type VDCCs have been linked to not only somal action potentials, but also to the activation of Src, the modulation of RTK (Finkbeiner and Greenberg, 1996) and gene expression, including synthesis of ion channels (Murphy et al, 1991;Misra et al, 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropeptide Y modulates calcium channels in hamster submandibular ganglion neurons

Endoh

Nobushima

Tazaki

2012

Neuroscience Research

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“…The mechanisms by which the regulation of C/EBPb could contribute to the actions of ECS and antidepressant treatment involve regulation of target genes that control learning and memory. The first indication that the C/EBP family of transcription factors may be involved in long-term memory came from studies in Aplysia (Alberini et al, 1994). In Aplysia, the C/EBP mRNA is induced rapidly by either serotonin or cAMP.…”

Section: Ecs and C/ebpb J Chen Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Downregulation of the CCAAT-Enhancer Binding Protein β in ΔFosB Transgenic Mice and by Electroconvulsive Seizures

Chen

Newton

Zeng

et al. 2003

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Previous studies demonstrate that chronic, but not acute electroconvulsive seizures (ECS), increases levels of DFosB, a long-lasting transcription factor, in the hippocampus, and this effect correlates with the slow onset and long-lasting clinical effects of antidepressant treatment. To understand how DFosB mediates long-term plasticity in the hippocampus, we analyzed the gene expression profile of inducible transgenic mice expressing DFosB with a highly sensitive microarray assay and a customized computer analysis program. The CCAAT-enhancing binding protein-b (C/EBPb) was identified as one of the genes downregulated by DFosB in the hippocampus. The downregulation of C/EBPb in the inducible DFosB transgenic mice was confirmed by other quantitative assays including real-time RT-PCR and low density dot blotting. Analysis of the C/EBPb expression in the hippocampus of rats treated with ECS revealed that the C/EBPb mRNA was also downregulated by chronic, but not acute ECS administration, the most effective treatment for depression. Given the reported role of C/EBPb in behavioral conditioning models, it is possible that the DFosB-mediated downregulation of C/EBPb in the hippocampus may be a molecular mechanism by which antidepressants alleviate some of the symptoms of depressed patients.

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C/EBP is an immediate-early gene required for the consolidation of long-term facilitation in Aplysia

Cited by 503 publications

References 61 publications

Contingent-Dependent Enhancement of Rhythmic Motor Patterns: AnIn VitroAnalog of Operant Conditioning

Contingent-Dependent Enhancement of Rhythmic Motor Patterns: AnIn VitroAnalog of Operant Conditioning

Neuropeptide Y modulates calcium channels in hamster submandibular ganglion neurons

Downregulation of the CCAAT-Enhancer Binding Protein β in ΔFosB Transgenic Mice and by Electroconvulsive Seizures

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