C-Reactive Protein: Clinical and Epidemiological Perspectives

Salazar, Juan; Martínez, María Sofía; Chávez-Castillo, Mervin; Toledo, Alexandra; Añez, Roberto; Torres, Yaquelin; Apruzzese, Vanessa; Silva, Carlos; Rojas, Joselyn; Bermúdez, Valmore

doi:10.1155/2014/605810

Cited by 98 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…CRP has been widely used as a validated clinical biomarker of the inflammatory state and an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease. There is some evidence that CRP is not only a biomarker of cardiovascular and metabolic disease but also a specific risk factor for disease, with some data supporting the idea that CRP is an active participant in atherogenesis and events at the endothelium (7). In diabetes, CRP contributes to the development of insulin resistance and may thus be an etiologic factor in diabetes mellitus type 2, especially in the elderly (8).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Posttranscriptional Regulation of the Inflammatory Marker C-Reactive Protein by the RNA-Binding Protein HuR and MicroRNA 637

Kim

Hooten

Dluzen

et al. 2015

Molecular and Cellular Biology

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C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute-phase plasma protein, is a major component of inflammatory reactions functioning as a mediator of innate immunity. It has been widely used as a validated clinical biomarker of the inflammatory state in trauma, infection, and age-associated chronic diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Despite this, the molecular mechanisms that regulate CRP expression are not well understood. Given that the CRP 3= untranslated region (UTR) is long and AU rich, we hypothesized that CRP may be regulated posttranscriptionally by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and by microRNAs. Here, we found that the RBP HuR bound directly to the CRP 3= UTR and affected CRP mRNA levels. Through this interaction, HuR selectively increased CRP mRNA stability and promoted CRP translation. Interestingly, treatment with the age-associated inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) increased binding of HuR to CRP mRNA, and conversely, HuR was required for IL-6-mediated upregulation of CRP expression. In addition, we identified microRNA 637 (miR-637) as a microRNA that potently inhibited CRP expression in competition with HuR. Taken together, we have uncovered an important posttranscriptional mechanism that modulates the expression of the inflammatory marker CRP, which may be utilized in the development of treatments for inflammatory processes that cause CVD and age-related diseases.I nflammatory processes and their inherent regulatory controls are critical for the immune response to injury and pathogens throughout the life span. However, inflammation has now been identified as an important underlying factor in many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes mellitus, cancer, and metabolic disorders. Age itself is a critical factor in the development of the inflammatory state and risk for these conditions. This age-associated inflammatory state, known as inflammaging, is defined as a state of low-grade, sterile inflammation that occurs with age and is characterized by elevations of serum concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-␣), as well as the acute-phase reactant C-reactive protein (CRP) (1). Given the incidence, morbidity, and mortality of inflammation-based chronic disease, proinflammatory molecules, including CRP, are avidly studied.CRP, a pentraxin protein, is an established marker of acutephase reactions (2). It is an important inflammatory biomarker that is influenced by the action of numerous activated cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-1␤, and TNF-␣ (3, 4). It is well established that circulating levels of CRP and IL-6 are correlated in humans (5, 6). CRP has been widely used as a validated clinical biomarker of the inflammatory state and an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease. There is some evidence that CRP is not only a biomarker of cardiovascular and metabolic disease but also a specific risk factor for disease, with some data supporting the idea that CRP is an active participant in ath...

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confidence: 99%

Posttranscriptional Regulation of the Inflammatory Marker C-Reactive Protein by the RNA-Binding Protein HuR and MicroRNA 637

Kim

Hooten

Dluzen

et al. 2015

Molecular and Cellular Biology

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“…Its blood level may increase under inflammation and has been linked to vascular atherosclerosis which is thought to have an inflammatory component [28]. To look at the potential relationship between the inflammatory biomarker and dysmetabolism, the correlations between serum CRP and individual glycemic or lipidemic parameters were analyzed.…”

Section: ≤ 80mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hyperglycemia resulting from insulin resistance increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) [28,33]. The risk of a CVD event is increased modestly during the pre-diabetic state.…”

Section: Blood Pressure and Angiotensin Pressor Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

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Dysglycemia and Dyslipidemia Models in Nonhuman Primates: Part I. Model of Naturally Occurring Diabetes

Wang¹,

Wang²,

Sun³

et al. 2015

J Diabetes Metab

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Insulin-resistant diabetes (Type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM) is one of the main comorbidities of obesity and is the most common form of diabetes. T2DM and obesity dynamically influence each other and often escalate patients' other health issues. Cardiovascular, renal and other health consequences of obesity and diabetes have been studied for several decades. However, the underlying precise mechanisms and interactions of obesity and insulin-resistant diabetes have yet to be elucidated further. It has been recognized that sustained greater energy intake than expenditure is the main cause of obesity that can potentially lead to insulin resistance and diabetes due to excessive fat accumulation. To better understand the pathophysiology of human obesity and diabetes, nonhuman primate (NHP) models have been used for research to delineate molecular and cellular mechanisms because of the similarity of the metabolic diseases between NHP and humans. Also, NHP models have been well used for testing new novel therapies, which provides critical pre-clinic information for drug discovery. This article summarizes the data collected from a large scale of the naturally occurring diabetes monkeys housed in our facility. Manuscripts for other NHP models, such as diet-induced dyslipidemia and dysglycemia and streptozocin-induced diabetes, developed in our facility will follow lately. Dysglycemia and Dyslipidemia Models in Journal of Diabetes and MetabolismCitation: Wang X, Wang B, Sun G, Wu J, Liu Y, et al. (2015) This article introduces the characteristics of one NHP diabetic model, naturally occurring diabetes, which has been highly valuable for research and treatment of dyslipidemia and dysglycemia [14][15][16][17]. Other NHP models, such as diet-induced dyslipidemia and dysglycemia and streptozocin-induced diabetes, developed in our facility will be introduced lately via other manuscripts. While no single model is necessarily applicable to every dysmetabolic research program and drug discovery, it has been suggested that certain models have great validity. Therefore, if possible, selectively using of those preferable models to achieve the best potential outcome is recommended in order to address the very challenging diseases, obesity and diabetes. Normal and obese/diabetic monkeys housed in our animal center are collected periodically from the monkey farms in China and then raised in our own facility with a normal calorie monkey chow (Beijing Keao Xieli Feed Co., LTD, Beijing, China) enriched with seasonal fruits and vegetables in accordance with the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC) regulations and guidelines [18][19][20]. All the procedures for sample or data collection used in this study were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) (Crown Bioscience, Inc., Taicang, Jiangsu province, The People's Republic of China) [18][19][20]. Animal grouping and their general characteristicsAs humans and other great apes (Hominoidea) diverged from Old World m...

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“…hsCRP testing valuable in both, primary and secondary CVD prophylaxis. And for those, who already suffer from CVD, this test is useful in evaluation of disease severity, treatment efficacy and outcome prognosis [6][7][8]. Lifestyle changes and medications can lower blood pressure and decrease the risk of health complications [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased Levels of Inflammatory Marker hsCRP, MDA and Lipid Profile in Non-obese Hypertension Subjects

Nakkeeran¹,

Periasamy²,

Inmozhi³

et al. 2017

Biochem Anal Biochem

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Introduction: High sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is a very sensitive marker of inflammation, which is synthesized in the liver and has been a widely used biomarker for risk stratifying in Cardio vascular disease (CVD). It is positively correlated with abdominal fat and closely correlated with increased risk of cardiovascular events and obesity had the predominant association with cytokine levels. Obesity induces systemic oxidative stress and causes dysregulation of adipo cytokines and development of metabolic syndrome. In our study, we investigated hsCRP levels in non-obese hypertensive subjects on treatment and its relationship with oxidative stress and lipid profile.

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C-Reactive Protein: Clinical and Epidemiological Perspectives

Cited by 98 publications

References 89 publications

Posttranscriptional Regulation of the Inflammatory Marker C-Reactive Protein by the RNA-Binding Protein HuR and MicroRNA 637

Posttranscriptional Regulation of the Inflammatory Marker C-Reactive Protein by the RNA-Binding Protein HuR and MicroRNA 637

Dysglycemia and Dyslipidemia Models in Nonhuman Primates: Part I. Model of Naturally Occurring Diabetes

Increased Levels of Inflammatory Marker hsCRP, MDA and Lipid Profile in Non-obese Hypertension Subjects

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