C₃cotyledons are followed by C₄leaves: intra-individual transcriptome analysis ofSalsola soda(Chenopodiaceae)

Abstract

The genome of Salsola soda allows a transition from C3 to C4 photosynthesis. A developmental transcriptome series revealed novel genes showing expression patterns similar to those encoding C4 proteins.

De novo Transcriptome Assembly and Comparison of C3, C3-C4, and C4 Species of Tribe Salsoleae (Chenopodiaceae)

“… ** sometimes treated as synonym of Hammada articulata O. Bolòs and Vigo . *** measured in Lauterbach et al ( 2016 ) . …”

“…The goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae) is an outstanding system to study C 4 photosynthesis, because it comprises the largest number of both C 4 species and independent C 4 origins in the eudicots, with an outstanding diversity of the C 4 phenotype (Kadereit et al, 2003 , 2010 , 2014 ; Kadereit and Freitag, 2011 ; Sage, 2016 ). Additionally, Chenopodiaceae contain a number of unique study systems, e.g., single cell C 4 plants, like the genus Bienertia (Freitag and Stichler, 2002 ) or Suaeda aralocaspica (Freitag and Stichler, 2000 ), the stem succulent C 4 hygro-halophytes Tecticornia indica and T. bibenda (Shepherd and van Leeuwen, 2007 ; Voznesenskaya et al, 2008 ) and the species of tribe Salsoleae that conduct C 3 in cotyledons before they switch to C 4 in leaves or assimilating shoots (Voznesenskaya et al, 2013 ; Li et al, 2015 ; Lauterbach et al, 2016 ). Furthermore, Salsoleae seem particularly suitable to study the evolution of C 2 and C 4 photosynthesis because the tribe contains a comparatively large number of C 2 species (summarized in Voznesenskaya et al, 2013 and Schüssler et al, 2016 ).…”

“…Recently, a molecular phylogeny including the major lineages of Salsoleae has been published (Schüssler et al, 2016 ) which is the basis for the phylogenetically informed sampling of this study. Despite the high diversity in this group, large-scale genomic analyses of coding sequence information are currently limited to two taxa, Haloxylon ammodendron (Li et al, 2015 ) and Salsola soda (Lauterbach et al, 2016 ).…”

“…In particular, we sequenced the transcriptomes of the main assimilating organs (i.e., leaf or assimilating shoot) of the C 3 species Salsola webbii , two distinct populations of the C 2 species S. divaricata , the C 4 species S. oppositifolia , and Hammada scoparia , which conducts C 3 in cotyledons, but C 4 in assimilating shoots. Additionally, we included publicly available leaf transcriptome data from Salsola soda , which also exhibits C 3 in cotyledons and C 4 in leaves (Lauterbach et al, 2016 ). Transcriptomes of all five species were assembled de novo and gene expression patterns between the species/populations were compared with a focus on genes involved in C 4 photosynthesis and photorespiration to address the question whether gene expression profiles of C 3 , C 2 , and C 4 species of Salsoleae are comparable to other study systems like Cleome or Flaveria .…”

Structure and photosynthetic metabolism in green prop roots of C4 sorghum

“…However, all other organs containing Chl do not necessarily perform C 4 photosynthesis. In C 4 eudicots, Salsola gemmascens and S. soda, the cotyledons exhibit C 3 photosynthesis (Lauterbach et al, 2017;Pyankov et al, 2000). In another C 4 eudicot Cleome angustifolia, the pods exhibit C 3 photosynthesis (Voznesenskaya et al, 2018).…”