“…Furthermore, a wave function exposed outside the surface gives more effective overlap than that localized on the surface, yielding a stronger band in the spectrum. This unique feature enables us to probe the spatial electron distribution of the surface, and therefore has been applied to directly detect gap states near E F (e.g., CIGSs for benzene on Pd(1 1 0) [11] and Pt(1 1 1) [12], dichloroethane on Pt(1 1 1) [13], alkanethiols on Pt(1 1 1) [14,15], benzenethiol and benzeneselenol on Pt(1 1 1) and Au(1 1 1) [16,17], C 60 on Pt(1 1 1) [18], thiophene derivatives on Pt(1 1 1) [19] and CBGSs for bathocuproine on K-precovered Au [20], and K-doped dibenzopentacene (DBP) [21]) and to trace the electronic response of the final hole produced at the topmost condensed layer [12,[22][23][24].…”