c9, t11, c15-CLNA and t9, t11, c15-CLNA from Lactobacillus plantarum ZS2058 Ameliorate Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis in Mice

Abstract

To investigate the specific functions of conjugated fatty acids (CFAs) produced by the probiotic bacterium, α-linolenic acid was isomerized by Lactobacillus plantarum ZS2058, and two different conjugated linolenic acid (CLNA) isomers were successfully isolated: c9, t11, c15-CLNA (CLNA1) and t9, t11, c15-CLNA (CLNA2). The effects and mechanism of CLNA crude extract and individual isomers on colitis were explored. CLNA significantly inhibited weight loss, the disease activity index, and colon shortening. Additionally, CLNA alleviated histological damage, protected colonic mucus layer integrity, and significantly upregulated the concentration of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, occludin, E-cadherin 1, and claudin-3). CLNA significantly attenuated the level of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) while upregulating the expression of the colonic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and nuclear receptor peroxisome-activated receptor-γ. Moreover, CLNA increased the activity of oxidative stress-related enzymes (SOD, GSH, and CAT), and the myeloperoxidase activity was significantly decreased by CLNA. Meanwhile, the concentrations of CLNA in the liver and conjugated linoleic acid in the colonic content were significantly increased because of the treatment of CLNA. Furthermore, CLNA could rebalance the intestinal microbial composition of colitis mice, including increasing the α-diversity. CLNA1 and CLNA2 increased the abundance of Ruminococcus and Prevotella, respectively.

The Role of Gut Microbiota Biomodulators on Mucosal Immunity and Intestinal Inflammation

“…Conjugated linolenic acids (CLNA), a positional and geometric isomer of unsaturated fatty acids, obtained from the fermentation of Lactobacillus plantarum ZS2058 are also potential postbiotic agents. The isomers of c9, t11, c15-CLNA (CLNA-1) and t9, t11, c15-CLNA (CLNA-2) significantly attenuated the level of MPO and of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) while upregulated the expression of IL-10 and the nuclear receptor PPARγ [100]. Oral administration of secondary bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and its taurine (TUDCA) or glycine conjugates (GUDCA) to colitic mice were also shown to control intestinal dysbiosis and the expression of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, such as chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and IL-6.…”

Preventive Antibiotic Treatment Increases Neonatal Chicks Susceptibility to Salmonella Infection Via Disrupting Gut Microbiota and Linoleic Acid Metabolism

“…And we believe that CLA reduces the Salmonella intestinal colonization including several aspects. Firstly, CLA treatments could signi cantly upregulated the concentration of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, occludin, E-cadherin 1 and claudin-3) and ameliorated epithelial apoptosis [96][97][98], which protect intestinal from the impairments caused by Salmonella infection. Secondly, CLA can modulate the gut in ammation including attenuated the expression of proin ammatory cytokines (TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-1β, and IL-6 and IL-17) while upregulating the level of the anti-in ammatory cytokine IL-10 [96][97][98][99][100][101].…”

Preventive Antibiotic Treatment Increases Susceptibility of Neonatal chicks to Salmonella Infection via Disrupting Gut Microbiota and Linoleic Acid Metabolis

“…We suggest that CLA reduces intestinal colonization by Salmonella by in uencing several processes. Firstly, CLA treatment considerably upregulated the concentration of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, occludin, E-cadherin 1 and claudin-3) and ameliorated epithelial apoptosis [96][97][98], which protects intestinal cells from the impairment caused by Salmonella infection. Secondly, CLA modulates gut in ammation by attenuating the expression of proin ammatory cytokines (TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-1β, and IL-Lactobacillus competitively excludes Salmonella in a mixed-culture condition [102].…”

“…and and upregulating the level of anti-in ammatory cytokine IL-10[96][97][98][99][100][101]. Thus, CLA exhibits anti-in ammatory effects that reduce gut colonization by Salmonella.…”