Cadmium as a Carcinogen

Heath, J. C.; Daniel, Mary R.; Dingle, J. T.; Webb, M.

doi:10.1038/193592a0

Cited by 93 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…A comparative histogenetic study of nickel-induced carcinogenesis must be made to elucidate some of these problems. Gilman and Basrur (1963) have published a preliminary note on the histogenesis of nickel sulphide-induced rhabdomyosarcomata in the rat; in general, the changes they observed in the tissue were broadly similar to those reported previously for cobalt (Heath, 1960).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

“…The high degree of differentiation seen in many of the nickel-induced tumours, coupled with the presence of new or altered muscle fibres which in some respects resemble those of normal regenerating muscle, suggests that the muscle tissue injured by nickel is not forced so far along the abnormal pathways of regeneration as that injured by cobalt (Heath, 1960) and cadmium (Heath and Daniel, 1964). A comparative histogenetic study of nickel-induced carcinogenesis must be made to elucidate some of these problems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The tumours he obtained in the rats were mainly rhabdomyosarcomata; in the mice, although many of the tumours had the characteristics of fibrosarcomata, their cellularity, numerous oval nuclei and lack of collagen suggested to him that they contained myomatous elements. He has observed (personal communication) a strain-specificity of the carcinogenic action of nickel in rats.We are investigating the mechanisms of metal carcinogenesis, and thought it necessary to look for the possible carcinogenic effects of pure nickel powder under the same conditions as those in which cobalt (Heath, 1954 and) and cadmium (Heath, Daniel, Dingle and Webb, 1962; Heath and Daniel, 1964) are carcinogenic. …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We are investigating the mechanisms of metal carcinogenesis, and thought it necessary to look for the possible carcinogenic effects of pure nickel powder under the same conditions as those in which cobalt (Heath, 1954 and) and cadmium (Heath, Daniel, Dingle and Webb, 1962; Heath and Daniel, 1964) are carcinogenic.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Control injections with fowl serum alone were not made, since in previous work (Heath, 1956), serum produced no reaction or tumours.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Production of Malignant Tumours by Nickel in the Rat

Heath¹,

Daniel²

1964

Br J Cancer

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In May 1932 a Parliamentary question drew attention to a number of cases of nasal cancer which had occurred among workers in a nickel refinery at Clydach, South Wales. The report of the Chief Inspector of Factories for 1931 (published in July 1932) listed several cases, and Stephens (1933), in discussing cases of industrial epitheliomata, suggested that nickel was one of the agents responsible. It was already known that nickel compounds, including gaseous nickel carbonyl, were toxic, but they were not suspected of being carcinogens. Subsequent statistical investigations by Doll (1958) and Gwynne Morgan (1958), and pathological studies by L0ken (1950) and Jones Williams (1958) have confirmed the relatively high incidence of respiratory cancer in nickel workers.Animal experiments by Hueper (1958) on the effect of inhalation of metallic nickel powder by rats and guinea-pigs, and by Sunderman, Donnelly, West and Kincaid (1959) on the effect of inhalation of nickel carbonyl by rats, confirmed that nickel could produce neoplastic changes in the respiratory tract, leading sometimes to frankly malignant tumours (Sunderman et al., 1959). Hueper (1952) had previously shown that powdered nickel, injected into rats by various routes, produced malignant tumours in at least 8 out of 70 animals. He also showed (Hueper, 1955) that the same agent, introduced by five different routes into rats, mice, and rabbits, produced malignant tumours of various types in 27 out of 100 rats, one out of six rabbits, and none of 125 mice. It is of interest that he draws attention to a possible species-specificity.Recently, Gilman (1962) has shown that nickel sulphide and nickel oxide, injected intramuscularly into rats and mice, produce tumours at the injection site. The tumours he obtained in the rats were mainly rhabdomyosarcomata; in the mice, although many of the tumours had the characteristics of fibrosarcomata, their cellularity, numerous oval nuclei and lack of collagen suggested to him that they contained myomatous elements. He has observed (personal communication) a strain-specificity of the carcinogenic action of nickel in rats.We are investigating the mechanisms of metal carcinogenesis, and thought it necessary to look for the possible carcinogenic effects of pure nickel powder under the same conditions as those in which cobalt (Heath, 1954 and) and cadmium (Heath, Daniel, Dingle and Webb, 1962; Heath and Daniel, 1964) are carcinogenic. MATERIALS AND METHODSTen female rats of the hooded strain, aged 2-3 months, were used. 0-0283 g. of spectrographically pure nickel metal powder (Johnson Matthey) was shaken into suspension with 0 4 ml. of fowl serum and injected into the muscle of the right thigh of each animal from the medial aspect, approximately parallel with the

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Control injections with fowl serum alone were not made, since in previous work (Heath, 1956), serum produced no reaction or tumours.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Production of Malignant Tumours by Nickel in the Rat

Heath¹,

Daniel²

1964

Br J Cancer

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Trace element concentrations in renal cell carcinoma

Karcioglu

Sarper

Rinsvelt

et al. 1978

Cancer

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Cadmium, zinc, copper levels and zinc‐copper, zinc‐bromine, iron‐zinc, iron‐copper and iron‐bromine ratios are measured in neoplastic and normal kidney samples from humans by the particle induced x‐ray emission analysis (PIXE) technique. It is found that cadmium which is normally present in the tubular cells of kidney is not detectable in tumor samples. It is also observed that the zinc‐copper ratios in all neoplastic kidney tissues are decreased, but this observation cannot be extended to other element ratios.

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The hazards of cadmium in man and animals

Winter

1982

J of Applied Toxicology

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The health hazards of cadmium have attracted increased attention since the rock‐soil‐plant‐animal‐man relationship became better known, and when it was realized that low doses are cumulative over a very long time and that increasing industrial pollution may endanger the general population. Major sources are mining and smelting, metal coating, welding, incineration of refuse, fossil fuels and use of sewage sludge as fertilizer. Intoxication usually results from ingestion or inhalation, but the pathogenesis is not well understood. With chronic intoxication, the critical organ is the kidney, where one third of the body cadmium may accumulate. Apart from diseases so far recognized in man, a large number of pathological conditions have been produced in experimental animals, including congenital abnormalities, ovarian, testicular and brain lesions, as well as interference with the immune system. Their full significance for man is not yet known. Cadmium plays no useful role in the organism and its intake should be limited as much as possible, although being ubiquitous it cannot be completely eliminated. Legislation for maximum permissible levels in different food items was attempted, but is not workable and is not in the best interest of the consumer. Instead, the whole food basket of the consumer should be monitored to limit weekly intake to prescribed levels. In addition, hygienic measures should be encouraged, including cleaning, peeling or blanching of fruit and vegetables, removal of outer leaves of cabbage and lettuce to eliminate the effects of aerial pollution, discretion in using sewage sludge as fertilizer, washing hands and possibly avoiding excessive consumption of kidneys and livers.

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Cadmium as a Carcinogen

Cited by 93 publications

References 5 publications

The Production of Malignant Tumours by Nickel in the Rat

The Production of Malignant Tumours by Nickel in the Rat

Trace element concentrations in renal cell carcinoma

The hazards of cadmium in man and animals

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