Cadmium Contamination of Early Human Milk

Sikorski, R; Paszkowski, Tomasz; Radomański, T; Szkoda, J.

doi:10.1159/000293626

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The results of cadmium concentration in milk in this study are similar to those found in Croatia (Frkovic et al, 1997), Poland (Sikorski et al, 1989) and Turkey (Turan, 2001). The results of lead concentration in milk are between the low levels found in Sweden (Palminger Hallen et al, 1995), Australia (Gulson et al, 2001), China (Li et al, 2000) and Austria (Gundacker et al, 2000) and high levels found in Italy (Guidi et al, 1992), Mexico (Namihiria et al, 1993) and Singapore (Ong et al, 1985).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…However, the differences were not statistically significant. Drasch et al, (1998) and Sikorski et al, (1989) did not find mother's age effective on concentration of cadmium in milk.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…The difference was significant for lead (P < 0.05) but not for cadmium. Other studies also showed no influence of parity on cadmium concentration in milk and a slight increase of lead concentration in milk from lactating multiparous women (Sikorski et al, 1989;Frkovic et al, 1997;Ursinyova and Masanova, 2005).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Determination of cadmium and lead in human milk

Rahimi

Hashemi²,

Baghbadorani

2009

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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625 9809 AB STRA CT: The objectives of this study were to determine cadmium and lead concentrations in the breast milk of healthy lactating women who were living in Zarrinshahr, an industrial area of Iran and to investigate the effect of mother's age, parity and smoking habits in families living in the vicinity of areas contaminated with heavy metals. Cadmium and lead concentrations were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry in 44 milk samples from healthy lactating women collected on first to sixth postpartum week. Accuracy of the analysis was checked by various methods including the use of reference material. The mean ± standard deviation of cadmium and lead concentrations in human milk were 2.44 ± 1.47 µg/L (range 0.62 -6.32 µg/L) and 10.39 ± 4.72 µg/L (range 3.18-24.67 µg/L), respectively. There was a positive correlation between the concentrations of lead in milk samples and mother's age and parity (P < 0.05). Also the concentration of cadmium in breast milk significantly increased (P < 0.05) in mothers who were actively and/or passively exposed to smoking. The results of this study showed that lead and cadmium concentrations in milk samples from lactating women in Zarrinshahr were high. This can be a major public health hazard for the inhabitants living in this industrial region of Iran.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…However, the differences were not statistically significant. Drasch et al, (1998) and Sikorski et al, (1989) did not find mother's age effective on concentration of cadmium in milk.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 79%

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Determination of cadmium and lead in human milk

Rahimi

Hashemi²,

Baghbadorani

2009

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…In human milk, average background concentrations of mercury, cadmium and lead are between 0.6 and 0, 0.05 and 2 as well as 5 and 20 μg/L, respectively, while in the heavily polluted areas, they may be up to 20 times higher (Bentum et al, 2010; Frkovic et al, 1997). The results of cadmium concentration in milk in this study are similar to those found in Croatia (Frkovic et al, 1997), Poland (Sikorski et al, 1989), Turkey (Turan et al, 2001), Iran (Rahimi et al, 2009), Egypt (Moussa, 2011) and Ghana (Bentum et al, 2010); however, lower concentration rates have been reported by others (Honda et al, 2003; Ursinyova and Masanova, 2005). Smoking habits in the family (smoking during pregnancy and/or being exposed to smoke from other family members) increased cadmium concentration in milk.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Determination of mercury, cadmium and lead in human milk in Iran

et al. 2012

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Breast milk contains both essential and nonessential trace elements. Mercury, cadmium and lead are nonessential, potentially toxic heavy metals with hematotoxic, neurotoxic and nephrotoxic properties even at very low concentrations. The objectives of this study were to determine the concentrations of mercury, cadmium and lead in the breast milk of healthy lactating women who were living in Isfahan, Iran. Concentrations of mercury, cadmium and lead were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry in 37 milk samples from healthy lactating women collected on first to sixth postpartum week. Accuracy of the analysis was checked by various methods including the use of reference material. The mean ± SD of the concentrations of mercury, cadmium and lead in human milk were 0.92 ± 0.54 μg/L (range 0.0-2.07 μg/L), 1.92 ± 1.04 μg/L (range 0.45-5.87 μg/L) and 7.11 ± 3.96 μg/L (range 3.06-19.47 μg/L), respectively. The results of this study showed that the concentrations of mercury, lead and cadmium in the milk samples from lactating women in Isfahan were high, which makes a major public health hazard for the inhabitants, especially neonatal and children, of the industrial locations. The results of the present study indicate a need for establishing safe intake values of heavy metals in human milk.

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“…The ratio between cord and maternal blood was calculated to be 1.85, similar to the value of 1.7 reported by Vahter et al 34 These findings are in agreement with other studies and confirm that the placenta does not act as a protective barrier against the transfer of mercury, from mother to foetus. 35,26 Speciation of mercury in maternal and cord blood and placentas by Ask et al show that methyl mercury species concentrations are higher in the umbilical cord blood than in maternal blood, and the methyl mercury concentrations in placentas are twice of those in maternal blood, indicating retention of methyl mercury in placenta tissue. 36 The majority of studies associates elevated concentrations of mercury with consumption of contaminated fish and marine products.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%