Cadmium Exposure and Renal Accumulation in an Australian Urban Population

Gj, Miller; Mj, Wylie; McKeown, Dermot

doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1976.tb81743.x

Cited by 16 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…In two Australian autopsy studies an average Cd level of 40 mg/g wet weight was found in kidney cortex samples from a group of subjects aged upto 50 years (Miller et al 1976;Spickett & Lazner, 1979). A toxico-kinetic-based model used to estimate the dietary intake of Cd suggested it was between 30 and 50 mg/d (Miller et al 1976). Although the two Australian autopsy studies were carried out 20 years ago, and both smokers and non-smokers were included, there has been no indication of decreases in either food Cd content or dramatic changes in dietary habits in Australia in the last two decades.…”

Section: Levels Of Cadmium In Human Kidneys and Liversmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An assessment of exposure to dietary Cd can also be validated by measurement of the levels of kidney Cd in the general population, since an average dietary intake appears to be strongly related to kidney Cd levels (Morgan & Sherlock, 1984). In two Australian autopsy studies an average Cd level of 40 mg/g wet weight was found in kidney cortex samples from a group of subjects aged upto 50 years (Miller et al 1976;Spickett & Lazner, 1979). A toxico-kinetic-based model used to estimate the dietary intake of Cd suggested it was between 30 and 50 mg/d (Miller et al 1976).…”

Section: Levels Of Cadmium In Human Kidneys and Liversmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Safe levels of cadmium intake to prevent renal toxicity in human subjects

2000

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The present review attempts to provide an update of the scientific knowledge on the renal toxicity which occurs in human subjects as a result of chronic ingestion of low-level dietary Cd. It highlights important features of Cd toxicology and sources of uncertainty in the assessment of health risk due to dietary Cd. It also discusses potential mechanisms for increased susceptibility to Cd toxicity in individuals with diabetes. Exposure assessment on the basis of Cd levels in foodstuffs reveals that vegetables and cereals are the main sources of dietary Cd, although Cd is also found in meat, albeit to a lesser extent. Cd accumulates particularly in the kidney and liver, and hence offal contains relatively high amounts. Fish contains only small quantities of Cd, while crustaceans and molluscs may accumulate larger amounts from the aquatic environment. Data on Cd accumulation in human kidney and liver obtained from autopsy studies are presented, along with results of epidemiological studies showing the relationship between renal tubular dysfunction and kidney Cd burden. These findings suggest that a kidney Cd level of 50 μg/g wet weight is a maximum tolerable level in order to avoid abnormal kidney function. This renal Cd burden corresponds to a urinary Cd excretion of 2 μg/d. Accordingly, safe daily levels of Cd intake should be kept below 30 μg per person. Individual variations in Cd absorption and sensitivity to toxicity predicts that a dietary Cd intake of 30 μg/d may result in a slight renal dysfunction in about 1 % of the adult population. The previous guideline for a maximum recommended Cd intake of 1 μg/kg body weight per d is thus shown to be too high to ensure that renal dysfunction does not occur as a result of dietary Cd intake.

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Section: Levels Of Cadmium In Human Kidneys and Liversmentioning

confidence: 99%