Cadmium exposure and risk of breast cancer: A meta-analysis

Flórez-García, Victor; Guevara-Romero, Edwin; Hawkins, Maren; Bautista, L E; Jenson, Tara E.; Yu, John S.; Kalkbrenner, Amy E.

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.115109

Cited by 28 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Although these findings are encouraging, there are several limitations to note. The small sample size in the present study limited our ability to demonstrate statistical significance despite suggestions of a positive association between salivary Cd and breast density, consistent with previous studies that have investigated associations of Cd exposure, breast density, and breast cancer 49–53 . Additionally, many of our demographic and behavioral variables were self‐reported and we recognize those limitations.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 45%

Assessment of salivary cadmium levels and breast density in the Marin Women's Study

George,

Paff,

Rojo

et al. 2024

Cancer Medicine

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BackgroundWe aimed to determine if salivary cadmium (Cd) levels had any association with breast density, hoping to establish a less invasive cost‐effective method of stratifying Cd burden as an environmental breast cancer risk factor.MethodsSalivary Cd levels were quantified from the Marin Women's Study, a Marin County, California population composite. Volumetric compositional breast density (BDsxa) data were measured by single x‐ray absorptiometry techniques. Digital screening mammography was performed by the San Francisco Mammography Registry. Radiologists reviewed mammograms and assigned a Breast Imaging‐Reporting and Data System score. Early morning salivary Cd samples were assayed. Association analyses were then performed.ResultsCd was quantifiable in over 90% of saliva samples (mean = 55.7 pg/L, SD = 29). Women with higher saliva Cd levels had a non‐significant odds ratio of 1.34 with BI‐RAD scores (3 or 4) (95% CI 0.75–2.39, p = 0.329). Cd levels were higher in current smokers (mean = 61.4 pg/L, SD = 34.8) than former smokers or non‐smokers. These results were non‐significant. Pilot data revealed that higher age and higher BMI were associated with higher BI‐RAD scores (p < 0.001).ConclusionSalivary Cd is a viable quantification source in large epidemiologic studies. Association analyses between Cd levels and breast density may provide additional information for breast cancer risk assessment, risk reduction plans, and future research directions. Further work is needed to demonstrate a more robust testing protocol before the extent of its usefulness can be established.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 45%

Assessment of salivary cadmium levels and breast density in the Marin Women's Study

George,

Paff,

Rojo

et al. 2024

Cancer Medicine

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“…In particular, observational clinical studies showed that environmental exposure to Cd is linked to an increased risk of BC [32,33], nevertheless several gaps are still present in the knowledge of the mechanisms involved in Cd-related increase of BC [17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The endocrine disruptor cadmium modulates the androgen-estrogen receptors ratio and induces inflammatory cytokines in luminal (A) cell models of breast cancer

Bimonte,

Catanzaro,

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Purpose: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy that affects women, and it is, to date, their leading cause of death. Luminal A molecular subtype accounts for 40% of BC and is characterized by hormone receptors positive/human epidermal growth factor 2 expression and current treatment consists of surgery plus aromatase inhibitor therapy. Interestingly, several studies demonstrated that the heavy metal cadmium (Cd), classified as a group 1 human carcinogen and widely spread in the environment, exerts estrogen-like activities in several tissues and suggested an intriguing relationship between increased Cd exposure and BC incidence. Thus, aim of this study was to evaluate effects of Cd on Luminal A BC estrogen receptor (ER) positive/progesterone receptor positive cell models in vitro to characterize the mechanism(s) involved in breast cell homeostasis disruption. Methods: T47D and MCF7 were exposed to Cd (0.5-1µM) for 6-24 hrs to evaluate potential alterations in: cells viability, steroid receptors and intracellular signaling by western blot Moreover, we evaluated the expression of inflammatory cytokines interleukin by RT-PCR. Results: Our results showed a significant induction of androgen receptor (AR) and an increased AR/ER ratio. Further, Cd exposure increased pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)6, IL8 and tumor necrosis factor α levels. Finally, as previously demonstrated by our group, Cd alters pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase family and protein kinase B. Conclusion: In conclusion, our study demonstrates that Cd modifies the expression and pattern of ERs and AR in BC cell lines, suggesting an alteration of BC cells homeostasis, likely predisposing to a carcinogenetic microenvironment.

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“…The estrogenic properties of cadmium have focused attention on their role in the etiology of breast cancer [ 68 ]. As described, dietary cadmium intake was not associated with the risk of breast cancer in the JPHC Study (Fig.…”

Section: Cadmiummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adjusted ORs (95% CI) for the highest versus lowest tertile were 6.05 (2.90–12.62) for all subjects and 4.60 (2.67–10.2) among never smokers. Considering the findings from studies using urinary biomarkers [ 68 , 70 ], additional evidence from prospective studies with a large sample size are warranted.…”

Section: Cadmiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to environmental chemicals and cancer risk: epidemiological evidence from Japanese studies

Iwasaki¹,

Itoh

Sawada³

et al. 2023

Genes and Environ

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Exposure to certain chemicals in the environment may contribute to the risk of developing cancer. Although cancer risk from environmental chemical exposure among general populations is considered low compared to that in occupational settings, many people may nevertheless be chronically exposed to relatively low levels of environmental chemicals which vary by such various factors as residential area, lifestyle, and dietary habits. It is therefore necessary to assess population-specific exposure levels and examine their association with cancer risk. Here, we reviewed epidemiological evidence on cancer risk and exposure to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), cadmium, arsenic, and acrylamide. Japanese are widely exposed to these chemicals, mainly through the diet, and an association with increased cancer risk is suspected. Epidemiological evidence from Japanese studies to date does not support a positive association between blood concentrations of DDT, HCH, PCBs, and PFASs and risk of breast or prostate cancer. We established assessment methods for dietary intake of cadmium, arsenic, and acrylamide using a food frequency questionnaire. Overall, dietary intakes of cadmium, arsenic, and acrylamide were not significantly associated with increased risk of total cancer and major cancer sites in the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study. However, statistically significant positive associations were observed between dietary cadmium intake and risk of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer among postmenopausal women, and dietary arsenic intake and risk of lung cancer among male smokers. In addition, studies using biomarkers as exposure assessment revealed statistically significant positive associations between urinary cadmium concentration and risk of breast cancer, and between ratio of hemoglobin adducts of acrylamide and glycidamide and risk of breast cancer. Epidemiological studies of general populations in Japan are limited and further evidence is required. In particular, studies of the association of organochlorine and organofluorine compounds with risk of cancer sites other than breast and prostate cancer are warranted, as are large prospective studies of the association between biomarkers of exposure and risk of cancer.

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Cadmium exposure and risk of breast cancer: A meta-analysis

Cited by 28 publications

References 42 publications

Assessment of salivary cadmium levels and breast density in the Marin Women's Study

Assessment of salivary cadmium levels and breast density in the Marin Women's Study

The endocrine disruptor cadmium modulates the androgen-estrogen receptors ratio and induces inflammatory cytokines in luminal (A) cell models of breast cancer

Exposure to environmental chemicals and cancer risk: epidemiological evidence from Japanese studies

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