Cadmium in blood and urine--impact of sex, age, dietary intake, iron status, and former smoking--association of renal effects.

Abstract

We studied determinants of cadmium status and kidney function in nonsmoking men and women living on farms in southern Sweden. Median blood Cd (BCd) was 1.8 nmol/L (range, 0.38-18) and median urinary Cd (UCd) was 0.23 nmol/mmol creatinine (range, 0.065-0.99). The intake of Cd per kilogram body weight did not significantly differ between sexes and did not correlate with BCd or UCd, which may be explained by a low and varying bioavailibility of Cd from food items. However, when a subgroup of the study population, couples of never-smoking men and women, were compared, a lower intake per kilogram body weight was found in the women, but the women had a 1.8 times higher BCd and a 1.4 times higher UCd. The higher female BCd and UCd may be explained by higher absorption due to low iron status. BCd and UCd both increased with age and were higher in the ex-smokers, who had stopped smoking more than 5 years before the study, compared to never-smokers. The contribution of locally produced food to the total Cd intake was relatively low and varied. Males living in areas with low soil Cd had lower UCd than the others. However, Cd levels in kidneys from pigs, fed locally produced cereals, did not predict BCd or UCd in humans at the same farms. The kidney function parameter ss2-microglobulin-creatinine clearance was related to UCd, whereas urinary protein-HC, N-acetyl-ss-glucoseaminidase or albumin-creatinine clearance was not when age was accounted for. Hence, even at the low exposure levels in this study population, there was an indication of effect on biochemical markers of renal function.

Exposure to metal mixtures and human health impacts in a contaminated area in Nanning, China

“…The level of U-Cd reported for the contaminated sites in this study was similar to those reported in a moderately contaminated area in Wenzhou, eastern China (Jin et al, 2002), the level of U-Cd in the control site was higher than those reported in Sweden (Olsson et al, 2002), and much lower than those reported elsewhere in China (Cai et al, 1990;Watanabe et al, 1998Watanabe et al, , 2000Jin et al, 2002). In the two reported Cd-contaminated sites in China, farmers produced their own rice at the time when the investigation was conducted, and rice was considered as the main source of Cd intake for the local people (Cai et al, 1990;Nordberg et al, 1997;Jin et al, 2002).…”

Cadmium exposure in the population: from health risks to strategies of prevention

“…Table 3 lists recent studies linking iron status with blood and urine Cd. Most of the studies (Å kesson et al 2002;Berglund et al 1994;Kippler et al 2009;Nawrot et al 2008;Nishijo et al 2004;Olsson et al 2002) found a significant increase in body Cd stores in individuals with lower iron status. In Europe, iron deficiency is considered to be one of the main nutritional deficiency disorders affecting large fractions of the population, including, pre-postmenopausal and pregnant women.…”

Metales pesados (Pb, Cd, Cr y Hg) en población general adulta próxima a una planta de tratamiento de residuos urbanos de Bizkaia

“…Los valores medios o medianos de cadmio en orina observados en hombres y mujeres respectivamente, son muy similares a los aportados por otros estudios recientes de la República Checa 6 o de gran Bretaña 29 , aunque son superiores a los observados en Suecia 11 y en EEUU 8 . En nuestro estudio las mujeres presentaron niveles medios de cadmio en orina más elevados que los hombres, 0,62 µg/g creatinina en mujeres y 0,45 µg/g creatinina en hombres, aspecto que se repite en la literatura científica 6,8,11,29 . Una posible explicación a los elevados niveles de cadmio en las mujeres es que su absorción aumenta a medida que los niveles de hierro disminuyen 27 .…”

“…Una posible explicación a los elevados niveles de cadmio en las mujeres es que su absorción aumenta a medida que los niveles de hierro disminuyen 27 . El aumento de los niveles de CdU con la edad, independientemente del sexo, observado en este estudio fue también previamente descrito 11 . Asimismo, este estudio muestra que las personas de clases sociales más elevadas, clases I y II, presentan niveles de cadmio en orina más elevados con respecto a las clases más bajas, hecho que podría explicarse por su mayor consumo de productos de origen vegetal 30 .…”

“…El pescado constituye la única fuente alimenticia de mercurio en la CAPV. La elevada ingesta de mercurio en la CAPV se relaciona con un consumo muy alto de pescado, 89 g/día 10 , similar a la de países consumidores de pescado, como Japón y Noruega 11 . Un estudio reciente llevado a cabo en Andalucía 15 , observaba una correlación significativa con la edad, presentando niveles más elevados de mercurio urinario (HgU) los individuos de mayor edad, así como los individuos con un mayor IMC, lo cual refuerza el potencial acumulativo de este metal.…”