IntroductionCadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic trace element, which enters the environment mainly from industrial processes and phosphate fertilisers. It can reach high levels in agricultural soils and is easily assimilated by plants. When taken up in excess by plants, Cd induces various visible symptoms of phytotoxicity, e.g., leaf roll, chlorosis and necrosis, growth retardation, browning of root tips, and finally death (