Cadmium induced hepatic intoxication and amelioration by grape seed extract

Abstract

<jats:p>Cadmium (Cd) is wide-spread toxic metal that pollutes most of the vegetables, which eaten by numerous populations all over the world. The aim of the current work is to evaluate the protective and prophylactic effects of the antioxidant materials in the grape seed extract (GSE) on the hepatic intoxication induced by cadmium chloride toxic material in male Wistar rats. Male adult Wistar rats were divided into four groups. Control group fed on balanced diet and given drinking water. Group two (control positive) given CdCl2 in the dose of 0.44 mg/kg body weight (BW) by stomach tube daily. Group three given grape seed extract GSE in the dose of (100 mg/kg BW) daily by stomach tube. Finally, the fourth group gave mixture of (GSE and CdCl2) by stomach tube in the recommended dose. Blood and liver tissues were collected for further biochemical and histopathological studies. CdCl2 significantly increased the serum levels of malondialdehyde, ALT and AST. Cadmium administration decreased levels of antioxidants (Catalase, GSH-R and GSH-Px). The liver of the control positive groups which given CdCl2 showed degenerative changes in the form of vacuolar and hydropic degeneration. Congestion was evident in the central vein and proliferation of the kupffer cells. These hepatic biochemical and degenerative changes were ameliorated by the co addition of GSE.</jats:p>

Health Beneficial Properties of Grapevine Seed Extract and Its Influence on Selected Biochemical Markers in the Blood, Liver and Kidneys of Rattus norvegicus

“…In our experiment, GSE administration was able to slow down the increase of ALT activity. This effect corresponds to the results reported previously [ 14 ] and may be caused by scavenging lipid peroxides via hydrogen transfer from a phenolic compound to the free radical-containing lipid peroxide. On the other hand, in the longer term, this effect was low.…”

“…After oral administration, it is absorbed from the intestine, transported to the liver, and conjugated to thiol groups of metallothionein (MT). Apart from this, Cd can also be bound to albumin, or other proteins in the blood [ 14 ]. Subsequently, Cd accumulates in the body, is excreted only slowly from the body via the urine and feces and has a biological half-life of about 20 years.…”

“…It is toxic to a wide range of organs and the main targets are the kidneys, bones, and lungs [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. GSE has been reported to lower cadmium concentrations in the red blood cells and in the kidneys, whereas its content in the liver has been reported to increase [ 14 ].…”

“…However, the only significant difference was that between GSE-treated group and the control group after 28 days ( p = 0.012), confirming a positive effect of GSE on plasma antioxidant activity. Previously reported results are ambiguous; sometimes, an increase in plasma antioxidant potential caused by GSE was found [ 25 ] and sometimes not [ 14 ].…”

“…Oxidative stress is related to a loss of functional integrity of membrane architecture caused by increased lipid peroxidation. In turn, the increased permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane leads to the leakage of hepatic marker enzymes (ALT and AST) into blood [ 14 ]. Indeed, ALT and AST are diagnostically significant even in limited liver damage due to intoxication and their increase in serum caused by cadmium has been reported earlier [ 14 ] and was confirmed by this study.…”