“…Animal models and in vitro studies have shown that Cd induces preeclampsia-like symptoms, restricts fetal growth (Wang et al, 2014, 2016a), may interfere with placental steroidogenesis (Kawai et al, 2002; Stasenko et al, 2010), inhibits trophoblast proliferation while promoting apoptosis (Wang et al, 2012; Erboga and Kanter, 2016), increases placental oxidative stress (Wang et al, 2012) and interferes with maternal-fetal nutrient transfer across the placenta (Wang et al, 2016a; Mikolić et al, 2015), demonstrating the placenta is a likely target tissue for Cd-associated reproductive toxicity. Indeed, excess ROS generation in the placenta has also been associated with altered placental function and negative pregnancy outcomes (Min et al, 2009; Scifres and Nelson, 2009; Vanderlelie et al, 2005).…”