Cadmium recovery and recycling from chemical bath deposition of CdS thin layers

Malinowska, B; Rakib, Mohammed; Durand, G.

doi:10.1002/pip.402

Cited by 22 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Precipitated Cd solids were recycled by conversion to Cd salts [29]. In the laboratory, 99.999% cadmium has been recovered from CBD wastes by a combination of leaching and electrodeposition [30].…”

Section: Electrodeposition and Chemical Surface Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life cycle impact analysis of cadmium in CdTe PV production

Fthenakis

2004

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

228

120

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This paper describes the material flows and emissions in all the life stages of CdTe PV modules, from extracting refining and purifying raw materials through the production, use, and disposal or recycling of the modules. The prime focus is on cadmium flows and cadmium emissions into the environment. This assessment also compares the cadmium environmental inventories in CdTe PV modules with those of Ni-Cd batteries and of coal fuel in power plants. Previous studies are reviewed and their findings assessed in light of new data. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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Section: Electrodeposition and Chemical Surface Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life cycle impact analysis of cadmium in CdTe PV production

Fthenakis

2004

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

228

120

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“…In the CBD process, many approaches were suggested for reducing these undesirable effects. One of these techniques is to recycle and reuse the resulting waste Cd material [132,133]. The other is called ammonia-free (AF) CBD process optimization.…”

Section: Ammonia-free Process For Solar Cells' Window Layersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opto-Electronics Review

Lilhare,

Khare

2020

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The solar photovoltaic technology is one of the renewable technologies with the potential to shape a future-proof, reliable, scalable and affordable electricity system. It is important to provide better resources for any upcoming technology. CdS/CdTe thin films have long been considered as one enticing option for reliable and cost-effective solar cells to be developed. N-type CdS as a transparent window layer in heterojunction structures is one of the best choices for CdTe cells. In a solar cell structure, window layer material plays a very crucial role to improve its performance. For this reason, this review focuses on the basic and significant aspects such as importance of the window layer thickness, degradation effect, use of nano-wire arrays, and an ammonia-free process to deposit the window layer. Also, an attempt has been made to analyze various processes improving window layer properties. Necessary discussions have been included to review the impact of solar cell parameters on the above aspects. It is anticipated that this review article will fulfill the requirement of knowledge to be used in the fabrication of CdS/CdTe solar cells.

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“…For the case of a citrate-ammonia-containing system, the group of Nair and Nair conducted a mathematical model which can qualitatively account for most of the features of the experimental growth curves of the chemically deposited semiconductor thin films [84], a model that was used to study the thin film yield as a function of the separation among substrates in batch production, and they established that there is an optimum separation at which, for a given bath composition and temperature, about 90% of the maximum possible process yield is achieved [125]; based on this, they reported the achieving of a thin film yield of almost 100% for CdS with final d of about 50 nm by using very small substrate separation-0.1 mm- [133]. With the aim to improve yield and reduce waste in other ammonia-containing systems, Hariskos et al synthesized CdS thin films by using fresh CdCl 2 solutions and reusing the NH 4 OH and (NH 2 ) 2 CS contained in the permeate separated from the waste after the deposition reaction [134], whereas Malinowska et al implemented and described processes to recover and recycle NH 4 OH [135] and Cd 2+ ions [136]. On the other hand, the group of O'Brien presented a process in which low Cd 2+ ions concentration is used-achieved through the use of ethylenediamine (H 2 NCH 2 CH 2 NH 2 ) as ligand instead of NH 3 -and a reaction system in which, among others aspects, the substrate is heated instead of the whole reaction solution in order to assist the heterogeneous precipitation, thus making more efficient the production of CdS films [137,138].…”

Section: Reutilization Of Reaction Residuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detailed Analysis of Five Aspects Addressed to Minimize Costs and Waste in the Chemical Bath Deposition of CdS Films Using the CdB–AC6H5O7–AOH–(NH2)2CS System

García-Valenzuela¹,

Castelo-González²,

Baez-Gaxiola³

et al. 2013

MSA

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Five studies were conducted in order to produce less waste and economize the application of a CdCl 2 -Na 3 C 6 H 5 O 7 -KOH-H 3 BO 3 /NaOH/KCl-(NH 2 ) 2 CS definite aqueous system in the chemical bath deposition of CdS thin films, as well as to generate supporting information helpful to explain the effects of varying certain parameters established for the use of this formulation. These studies are related to the utility of the pH 10 borate buffer, to the selection of the appropriate OH -concentration, commercial alkali, and reaction temperature, and to the reusing of the residual solution. These studies were conducted by means of optical characterization, pH measurements, energy consumption tests, and chemical analysis; and all possible implications were analyzed in detail and widely supported by the literature. It is observed that the addition of 5.0 mL of pH 10 borate buffer in the reaction solutions only causes a slight reduction in the pH value and, therefore, in the thickness of the resulted films. It is observed that a decrease in CdCl 2 concentration causes an increase in the pH values, and when such reagent concentration is varied it is necessary to determine the pH value at which the best CdS films can be obtained; this indicates the existence of an optimum pH of deposition, depending on the used reagent concentrations. It is demonstrated that the use of KOH and NaOH is interchangeable, and the advantages of NaOH are evaluated in the context of hygroscopicity, CO 2 absorption, purity, and price. It is observed that the energy consumption when depositing a determined film is lower at high temperatures, and it is concluded that the time and energy savings at high temperatures are undoubtedly advantages in the deposition process of CdS thin films. A formulation to recycle the residual solution is presented, which is very important for the reducing of residual volume, and, therefore, in the minimizing of the environmental impact. An indirect objective of this work is to generate interest in identifying those points that could be modified in other chemical formulations to minimize costs and waste.

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Cadmium recovery and recycling from chemical bath deposition of CdS thin layers

Cited by 22 publications

References 12 publications

Life cycle impact analysis of cadmium in CdTe PV production

Life cycle impact analysis of cadmium in CdTe PV production

Opto-Electronics Review

Detailed Analysis of Five Aspects Addressed to Minimize Costs and Waste in the Chemical Bath Deposition of CdS Films Using the Cd<i>B</i>–<i>A</i>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O<sub>7</sub>–<i>A</i>OH–(NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CS System

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