Cadmium removal and 2,4-dichlorophenol degradation by immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium loaded with nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles

Abstract

Phanerochaete chrysosporium has been identified as an effective bioremediation agent for its biosorption and degradation ability. However, the applications of P. chrysosporium are limited owing to its long degradation time and low resistance to pollutants. In this research, nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were loaded on P. chrysosporium to improve the remediation capacity for pollutants. The removal efficiencies were maintained at a high level: 84.2% for Cd(II) and 78.9% for 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in the wide pH range of 4.0 to 7.0 in 60 h. The removal capacity of immobilized P. chrysosporium loaded with nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (PTNs) was strongly affected by the initial Cd(II) and 2,4-DCP concentrations. The hyphae of PTNs became tight, and a large amount of crystals adhered to them after the reaction. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that carboxyl, amino, and hydroxyl groups on the surface of PTNs were responsible for the biosorption. In the degradation process, 2,4-DCP was broken down into o-chlorotoluene and 4-hexene-1-ol. These results showed that PTNs is promising for simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and 2,4-DCP from wastewater.

Treatment of landfill leachate using immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium loaded with nitrogen-doped TiO 2 nanoparticles

“…Secondly, the P. chrysosporium spore suspensions (1.0 × 10 6 CFU mL −1 , 100 mL) were inoculated into the above mixture, and the inoculated mixture was injected dropwise into sterile CaCl 2 solution (2%, 300 mL) using an injector to form globules. The globules were hardened in the sterile CaCl 2 solution for 3 h [25]. All the operations were performed under sterile condition.…”

“…The gels were then dried at 80 • C in an electric vacuum drying oven for 4 h until yellow block crystals appeared. These yellow block crystals were grinded and ground into fine powder applying a mortar and pestle, and then calcined at 500 • C in an muffle furnace for 3 h for further use [25].…”

Physiological fluxes and antioxidative enzymes activities of immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium loaded with TiO2 nanoparticles after exposure to toxic pollutants in solution

“…We attribute this change to the PTN-mediated degradation of 2,4-DCP. 2,4-DCP is biodegradable into low molecular weight intermediates such as 1,3-dimethyl benzene, 4-hexene-l-ol, and 2-sulfhydryl-1-methyl pentane, through dechlorination reactions (Chen et al, 2013). These intermediates are beneficial to the fungus, because they can be used as carbon sources (Jaussaud et al, 2000) for PTNs.…”

“…Nitrogen-doped TiO 2 nanoparticles were prepared with the solgel method (Chen et al, 2013). In the first step, 40 mL absolute ethyl alcohol, 8 mL double distilled water, and 12 mL glacial acetic acid were added to a beaker to form Solution A.…”

“…In this study, nitrogen-doped TiO 2 nanoparticles were successfully loaded onto P. chrysosporium, and immobilized with sodium alga acid to enhance the degradation efficiency and resistance towards toxic pollutants in aqueous solutions. Our previous study demonstrated that immobilized PTNs were able to make P. chrysosporium more resistant towards the toxic pollutants and were able to reduce the time required for its degradation (Chen et al, 2013).…”