Cadmium toxicity symptoms and uptake mechanism in plants: a review

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) is one of non-essential heavy metals which is released into environment naturally or anthropogenically. It is highly persistent toxic metals that are exceptionally distressing industrial and agriculture activities by contaminating soil, water and food. Its long-duration endurance in soil and water results in accumulation and uptake into plants, leading to the food chain. This becomes a serious global problem threatening humans and animals as food chain components. Living organisms, especially humans, are exposed to Cd through plants as one of the main vegetative food sources. This review paper is concentrated on the symptoms of the plants affected by Cd toxicity. The absorption of Cd triggers several seen and unseen symptoms by polluted plants such as stunted growth, chlorosis, necrosis and wilting. Apart from that, factors that affect the uptake and translocation of Cd in plants are elaborated to understand the mechanism that contributes to its accumulation. By insight of Cd accumulation, this review also discussed the phytoremediation techniques-phytoextraction, phytostimulation, phytostabilization, phytovolatization and rhizofiltration in bioremediating the Cd.

Effects of biochar on the transformation of cadmium fractions in alkaline soil

“…Cd is one of the non-essential elements with the highest toxicity and carcinogenicity. Additionally, it has strong mobility in the soil, could easily be absorbed by crops, and easily bioaccumulated in the human body through the food chain, thereby threatening human health [ 1 ]. The ultimate purpose for treating Cd-contaminated soil is to reduce the Cd content in crops, thereby reducing its human intake.…”

Bottom‐Up Synthesis Optimization Through The Design Of Experiments Using Blue N,S‐Carbon Dots With Interesting Affinity For Potentially Toxic Elements

“…[4] These types of activities can cause contamination of different levels to the source by the discharge of very toxic species such as heavy metals. [5] Through natural mechanisms such as leaching and gravitational flow, poisoning occurs in people who come into contact with these untreated aqua sources. Heavy metals stand out in this context of anthropogenic pollutants for the extension of their impact on surface and groundwaters.…”

“…Its use is essential for the development of agriculture, industries, and urbanization in cities [4] . These types of activities can cause contamination of different levels to the source by the discharge of very toxic species such as heavy metals [5] . Through natural mechanisms such as leaching and gravitational flow, poisoning occurs in people who come into contact with these untreated aqua sources.…”

Identification and functional analysis of cation-efflux transporter 1 from Brassica juncea L.

“…However, large amounts of heavy metal ions, even essential ones, can inactivate functional proteins and block biological processes [ 2 ]. In addition, for the non-essential elements, such as cadmium (Cd 2+ ), accumulation even at low concentrations can cause toxicity [ 3 ]. To cope with these challenges, plants have thus evolved a complex network for metal ion uptake, trafficking, storage and efflux [ 4 , 5 ].…”