Caffeic acid protects against DNA damage, oxidative and inflammatory mediated toxicities, and upregulated caspases activation in the hepatorenal system of rats treated with aflatoxin B1

Accidental lead in contaminated pipe-borne water and dietary furan intake perturbs rats’ hepatorenal function altering oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic balance

“…As this study reveals, increased caspase-9 and -3 activities imply programmed cell death in the liver and kidney of rats. These observations agree with the findings from previous studies that xenobiotics can mediate apoptosis following redox imbalance and increase pro-inflammatory mediators [ 46 , 77 , 78 ].…”

“…NO can promote the oxidative state in hepatic and renal systems by conjugating with O2 − to form peroxynitrite (ONOO − ). An increase in the activities of these free radicals can trigger the activation of several innate cells of the immune system, thereby increasing the pro-inflammatory milieu needed to enhance hepatic and renal damage [ 46 , 71 ], as seen in the present study. As the activities of these pro-inflammatory mediators increase, they trigger the generation of several danger signals, which interact with cells of the immune system resident in the hepatic and renal tissues, notably the Kupffer cells and intraglomerular mesangial cells, respectively.…”

“…These radicals and many others can react with membrane lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, triggering lipid peroxidation and disrupting cellular integrity. The current data shows that a high MDA (LPO) and other RONS with significant diminution in the antioxidant buffering system indicate hepatorenal derangement [ 46 , 59 ].…”

“…The total protein concentrations of the liver and kidney were determined following the method of Bradford [ 32 ]. The liver and kidney function enzymes, including ALT, AST, ALP, creatinine and urea, were measured using commercial kits as previously reported by Owumi et al [ 33 ]. Hepatic and renal concentrations of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were assayed by the methods described by Misra and Fridovich [ 34 ]; hepatic and renal levels of catalase (CAT) were assessed by the protocols of Clairborne [ 35 ] using H 2 O 2 as a substrate; hepatic and renal levels of Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured by the procedures of Habig [ 36 ] and Rotruck et al, [ 37 ], respectively; hepatic and renal concentrations of glutathione (GSH) and total sulfhydryl group (TSH) were determined by the method of Jollow et al [ 38 ] and Ellman [ 39 ], hepatic and renal concentrations of xanthine oxidase (XO) were measured by the procedures of Bergmeyer et al [ 40 ]; hepatic and renal levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), otherwise termed lipid peroxidation (LPO) were assessed by the method described by Okhawa [ 41 ]; hepatic and renal levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) were assayed by the protocols of Owumi and Dim [ 42 ]; hepatic and renal nitric oxide (NO) level and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were quantified by the protocols of Green et al [ 43 ] and Granell et al [ 44 , 45 ], respectively; and hepatic and renal levels of IL-1β, IL-10, caspase-9 & -3 activities and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine were assayed using ELISA kits as previously reported by Owumi et al .…”

Apigeninidin-enriched Sorghum bicolor (L. Moench) extracts alleviate Aflatoxin B1-induced dysregulation of male rat hypothalamic-reproductive axis

“…[17][18][19] Several of these compounds function by reducing the levels of AFB 1 in foods. 2,[20][21][22] However, acute toxicity due to AFB 1 can cause damage to organs. Therefore, the need arises to explore other alternatives, natural products, including dietary constituents, to manage aflatoxicosis better and restore organs to normal functioning status.…”