“…Energy drinks (EDs) are defined as ''non-alcoholic beverages that contain at least 150 mg caffeine per liter, in addition to sugar combined with one or more substances known to have stimulant properties'' (Bruzell et al, 2019, p. 19). The EDs market has grown rapidly in recent years (Al-Shaar et al, 2017;Phillips et al, 2021), with global sales of around $53.01 billion and growing (The Geeky Griffin, 2020). In Yemen, a less developed country (Al-Hakimi, Goaill et al, 2023), the value of imported EDs into the Yemeni market increased by more than 30% from 2018 to 2021 (Trade Statistics for International Business Development, 2021).…”