Caffeine and sport

Saunders, Bryan; Costa, Larissa Registro da; Souza, Ricardo Augusto Silva de; Barreto, Gabriel; Marticorena, Felipe Miguel

doi:10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.03.002

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 168 publications

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“…Athletes often consume caffeinated beverages to increase energy, maintain alertness and/or provide cognitive or ergogenic benefits [ 1 , 4 , 9 , 10 , 60 , 61 ]. While caffeine’s pharmacokinetics and ergogenic value have been well documented [ 7 , 8 , 15 , 60 , 62–64 ], less is known about paraxanthine. We recently reported evidence that acute ingestion of 200 mg of paraxanthine ingestion influenced memory, cognition, and attention in healthy male and female participants [ 54 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For this reason, athletes often consume energy drinks containing nootropic nutrients before and/or during exercise to help them maintain focus, cognitive function, and performance [ 3–8 ]. Caffeine is one of the most common naturally occurring nootropic nutrients in beverages that help maintain alertness, mental function, and exercise performance [ 7–9 ]. According to the International Society of Sports Nutrition, ingesting 3–6 mg/kg of caffeine about 60 minutes before exercise can improve cognition, attention, vigilance, and exercise performance [ 8 , 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Paraxanthine provides greater improvement in cognitive function than caffeine after performing a 10-km run

Yoo,

Xing,

Gonzalez

et al. 2024

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

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Rationale Intense exercise promotes fatigue and can impair cognitive function, particularly toward the end of competition when decision-making is often critical for success. For this reason, athletes often ingest caffeinated energy drinks prior to or during exercise to help them maintain focus, reaction time, and cognitive function during competition. However, caffeine habituation and genetic sensitivity to caffeine (CA) limit efficacy. Paraxanthine (PX) is a metabolite of caffeine reported to possess nootropic properties. This study examined whether ingestion of PX with and without CA affects pre- or post-exercise cognitive function. Methods 12 trained runners were randomly assigned to consume in a double-blind, randomized, and crossover manner 400 mg of a placebo (PL); 200 mg of PL + 200 mg of CA; 200 mg of PL + 200 mg of PX (ENFINITY®, Ingenious Ingredients); or 200 mg PX + 200 mg of CA (PX+CA) with a 7–14-day washout between treatments. Participants donated fasting blood samples and completed pre-supplementation (PRE) side effects questionnaires, the Berg-Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (BCST), and the Psychomotor Vigilance Task Test (PVTT). Participants then ingested the assigned treatment and rested for 60 minutes, repeated tests (PRE-EX), performed a 10-km run on a treadmill at a competition pace, and then repeated tests (POST-EX). Data were analyzed using General Linear Model (GLM) univariate analyses with repeated measures and percent changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals. Results BCST correct responses in the PX treatment increased from PRE-EX to POST-EX (6.8% [1.5, 12.1], p = 0.012). The error rate in the PL (23.5 [−2.8, 49.8] %, p = 0.078) and CA treatment (31.5 [5.2, 57.8] %, p = 0.02) increased from PRE-EX values with POST-EX errors tending to be lower with PX treatment compared to CA (−35.7 [−72.9, 1.4] %, p = 0.059). POST-EX perseverative errors with PAR rules were significantly lower with PX treatment than with CA (−26.9 [−50.5, −3.4] %, p = 0.026). Vigilance analysis revealed a significant interaction effect in Trial #2 mean reaction time values ( p = 0.049, = 0.134, moderate to large effect) with POST-EX reaction times tending to be faster with PX and CA treatment. POST-EX mean reaction time of all trials with PX treatment was significantly faster than PL (−23.2 [−43.4, −2.4] %, p = 0.029) and PX+CA (−29.6 [−50.3, −8.80] %, p = 0.006) treatments. There was no evidence that PX ingestion adversely affected ratings of side effects associated with stimulant intake or clinical blood markers. Conclusions Results provide some evidence that pre-exercise PX ingestion improves prefrontal cortex function, attenuates attentional decl...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paraxanthine provides greater improvement in cognitive function than caffeine after performing a 10-km run

Yoo,

Xing,

Gonzalez

et al. 2024

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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The dose-dependent effect of caffeine supplementation on performance, reaction time and postural stability in CrossFit – a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial

Główka,

Malik,

Podgórski

et al. 2024

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

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Background Caffeine (CAF) ingestion improves performance in a broad range of exercise tasks. Nevertheless, the CAF-induced, dose-dependent effect on discipline-specific performance and cognitive functions in CrossFit/High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) has not been sufficiently investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of acute supplementation of three different doses of CAF and placebo (PLA) on specific performance, reaction time (R Time ), postural stability (P Stab ), heart rate (HR) and perceived exertion (RPE). Methods In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design, acute pre-exercise supplementation with CAF (3, 6, or 9 mg/kg body mass (BM)) and PLA in 26 moderately trained CrossFit practitioners was examined. The study protocol involved five separate testing sessions using the Fight Gone Bad test (FGB) as the exercise performance evaluation and biochemical analyses, HR and RPE monitoring, as well as the assessment of R Time and P Stab , with regard to CYP1A2 (rs762551) and ADORA2A (rs5751876) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Results Supplementation of 6 mg CAF /kg BM induced clinically noticeable improvements in FGB Total results, R Time and pre-exercise motor time. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences between any CAF doses and PLA in FGB Total , HR max , HR mean , RPE, pre/post-exercise R Time , P Stab variables or pyruvate concentrations. Lactate concentration was higher ( p < 0.05) before and after exercise in all CAF doses than in PLA. There was no effect of CYP1A2 or ADORA2A SNPs on performance. Conclusions The dose-dependent effect of CAF supplementation appears to be limited to statistically nonsignificant but clinically considered changes on specific performance, R Time , P Stab , RPE or HR. However, regarding practical CAF-induced performance implications in CrossFit/HIFT, 6 mg CAF /kg BM may be supposed as the most rational supplementation strategy.

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Genetic susceptibility to caffeine intake and metabolism: a systematic review

Low,

Tan,

et al. 2024

J Transl Med

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Background Coffee and tea consumption account for most caffeine intake and 2–3 billion cups are taken daily around the world. Caffeine dependence is a widespread but under recognized problem. Objectives To conduct a systematic review on the genetic susceptibility factors affecting caffeine metabolism and caffeine reward and their association with caffeine intake. Methodology We conducted PubMed and Embase searches using the terms “caffeine”, “reward”, “gene”, “polymorphism”, “addiction”, “dependence” and "habit" from inception till 2024. The demographics, genetic and clinical data from included studies were extracted and analyzed. Only case-control studies on habitual caffeine drinkers with at least 100 in each arm were included. Results A total of 2552 studies were screened and 26 studies involving 1,851,428 individuals were included. Several genes that were involved with caffeine metabolism such as CYP1A2, ADORA2A, AHR, POR, ABCG2, CYP2A6, PDSS2 and HECTD4 rs2074356 (A allele specific to East Asians and monomorphic in Europeans, Africans and Americans) were associated with habitual caffeine consumption with effect size difference of 3% to 32% in number of cups of caffeinated drink per day per effect allele. In addition, ALDH2 was linked to the Japanese population. Genes associated with caffeine reward included BDNF, SLC6A4, GCKR, MLXIPL and dopaminergic genes such as DRD2 and DAT1 which had around 2–5% effect size difference in number of cups of caffeinated drink for each allele per day. Conclusion Several genes that were involved in caffeine metabolism and reward were associated with up to 30% effect size difference in number of cups of caffeinated drink per day, and some associations were specific to certain ethnicities. Identification of at-risk caffeine dependence individuals can lead to early diagnosis and stratification of at-risk vulnerable individuals such as pregnant women and children, and can potentially lead to development of drug targets for dependence to caffeine.

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Caffeine and sport

Cited by 6 publications

References 168 publications

Paraxanthine provides greater improvement in cognitive function than caffeine after performing a 10-km run

Paraxanthine provides greater improvement in cognitive function than caffeine after performing a 10-km run

The dose-dependent effect of caffeine supplementation on performance, reaction time and postural stability in CrossFit – a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial

Genetic susceptibility to caffeine intake and metabolism: a systematic review

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