Caffeine Enhances Memory Performance in Young Adults during Their Non-optimal Time of Day

Sherman, Stephanie M.; Buckley, Timothy; Baena, Elsa; Ryan, Lee

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01764

Cited by 68 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Additionally, and similar to other studies [33][34][35][36], participants were excluded if they: Self-reported as a daily smoker [37,38] Self-reported being pregnant [39] Exercised within 5 hours of testing [40] Consumed caffeine within 3 hours of testing [41] Had a concussion or head trauma within the past 30 days [42] Took marijuana or other illegal drugs within the past 30 days [43] Were considered a daily alcohol user (>30 drinks/month for women; >60 drinks/month for men) [44]…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Effects of Exercise on Forgetting

Ferguson¹,

Cantrelle²,

Loprinzi³

2018

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Background: The present study evaluates the effects of selective directed forgetting (SDF) and directed forgetting (DF) on subsequent memory retrieval and investigate whether acute exercise can facilitate the effects of SDF. Methods: A four-arm (n=20 per group; N=80; M age =20 yrs), parallel-group, randomized controlled experiment was employed. The four groups included: 1) exercise plus SDF (Ex+SDF), 2) SDF only (SDF), 3) DF only (DF) and 4) R (remember) only (R). Participants viewed two separate word lists (list 1 and list 2; L1 and L2). Based on group assignment, participants were directed to either forget, selectively forget, or remember List 1. Outcome parameters included the number of words recalled from L1 and L2. Generally, participants directed to forget L1 tend to recall more words from L2. Thus, L1 represents forgetting whereas L2 represents the degree of memory enhancement. The exercise protocol involved a 15-minute bout of moderate-intensity treadmill exercise. Results: We observed a significant main effect for L1 Item-Type (F=18.0, P<.

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Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Effects of Exercise on Forgetting

Ferguson¹,

Cantrelle²,

Loprinzi³

2018

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“…It is not likely, for this reason, that the addition of the ingredients in CAF+ necessarily causes a shift to the right on the on the inverted-U curve. Similarly, it has been shown in young and healthy students that the effects of caffeine only benefited memory during participant's nonoptimal phase (Sherman et al 2016). In the current study, it may have been the case that the possible de-arousing effects of l-theanine and l-tyrosine in CAF+ did not sufficiently place participants in their non-optimal phase in order for the arousalpromoting ingredients to benefit task performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

A Combination of Nootropic Ingredients (CAF+) Is Not Better than Caffeine in Improving Cognitive Functions

et al. 2017

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Many nootropic compounds claim to have positive effects on cognitive performance. In this study, we tested the effects of the nootropic compound CAF+ on cognitive functioning. CAF+ contains a combination of ingredients that has separately shown to boost cognitive performance, including caffeine, l-theanine, vinpocetine, l-tyrosine, and vitamin B 6 /B 12 . We examined whether CAF+ would improve cognitive functions in healthy young participants, and whether it would be more effective than caffeine. We used a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled three-way cross-over design to examine the performance of 21 healthy young participants on a test battery aimed to measure memory performance, attention, and sensorimotor speed. Our main outcome measure was participant's performance on the Verbal Learning Test (VLT). Subjective alertness, heart rate, and blood pressure were also monitored. Participants were tested at 30 and 90 min after treatment. We found that after 90 min, the delayed recall performance on the VLT after caffeine was better than after CAF+ treatment. Further, caffeine, but not CAF+, improved the performance in a working memory task. In a complex choice reaction task caffeine improved the speed of responding. Subjective alertness was increased as a result of CAF+ at 30 min after administration. Only caffeine increased diastolic blood pressure. We conclude that in healthy young students, caffeine improves memory performance and sensorimotor speed, whereas CAF+ does not affect the cognitive performance at the dose tested.

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“…Participants were instructed not to exercise within five hours prior to the scheduled lab visit [49] or use caffeine within three hours [50]. To minimize hunger-induced mood effects, they were also instructed to have a meal within four hours of their scheduled visit but not within the preceding one hour.…”

Section: Study Design and Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Effects of Priming on Affective Responses to Acute Exercise

Addoh

Sanders

Loprinzi

2020

Psych

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The purpose of this study was to experimentally investigate the relationship between positive affect elicitation (using a short video clip) prior to exercise and affect during acute aerobic exercise. A counterbalanced, within-subject experimental design was used. We conducted three related experiments. In Experiment 1, 30 adults aged 18-40 years participated in a positive affect-elicitation condition ("affective priming") and a control condition. Participation involved watching a five-minute video clip, as well as walking on a treadmill at a (self-selected) brisk pace for ten minutes. We compared affective ratings at baseline and intra-exercise for both conditions using a 2 (condition; priming versus no priming) × 2 (time; pre-versus mid-exercise) repeated measures ANOVA. In the follow-up experiments, we re-examined the relationship between affective priming and intra-exercise affect, addressing some limitations noted with Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, we compared the affect-elicitation properties of self-selected and imposed video clips. In Experiment 3, we re-investigated the potential affective benefits of priming, while including a neutral (neither positive nor negative) video during the control condition to attenuate potential demand characteristics, and a positive video-only condition to investigate possible carryover effects. Self-selected and imposed film clips showed similar affect-elicitation properties. Comparing the priming and control conditions, there were notable differences in the mean intra-exercise affective valence ratings (p = 0.07 Experiment 1, p = 0.01 Experiment 3). The mean affective activation ratings were not significantly different (p = 0.07 Experiment 1, p = 0.86 Experiment 3). Priming the affective state prior to exercise may be beneficial for enhancing intra-exercise affect.

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Caffeine Enhances Memory Performance in Young Adults during Their Non-optimal Time of Day

Cited by 68 publications

References 37 publications

Experimental Effects of Exercise on Forgetting

Experimental Effects of Exercise on Forgetting

A Combination of Nootropic Ingredients (CAF+) Is Not Better than Caffeine in Improving Cognitive Functions

Experimental Effects of Priming on Affective Responses to Acute Exercise

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